Margery, from her marriage with Walter, high steward of Scot- land, descended the Stuarts, ii. 231. Brutus, Lucius Junius, i. 302, 310.
Marcus, conspiracy of, i. 415, 419; death of, 419.
Decimus, i. 417. Buckingham, George Villiers, duke of, ii. 397; his excursion to Spain, 397. Bulgarians settle near the Danube, ii. 92. Bull, the Golden, ii. 182, 289. Buonarotti, Michael Angelo, architect, sculptor, painter, i. 229; ii. 320 et seq; genius and style, 321; excel- lence of his chisel, 324; edifices of his construction, 325. Burgundians, the, ii. 39, 45.
Cabot, Sebastian, ii. 316. Cadigha, wife of Mahomet, ii. 50. Cadiz, anciently Gades, i. 49. Cadmus introduces literature into Greece, i. 57.
Cæcilius, dramatic poet, i. 430. Cæsar, C. Julius, speeches of, i. 399; the triumvirate, 401; defeats the Helvetii, 404; the Germans, Gauls, and Britons, 404; marches into Italy, 407; victor at Pharsalia in Mace- donia, 409; dictator, 411; defeats Scipio and Cato, 411; his literary and scientific attainments, 412; assassi- nated, 415; Commentaries of, 433. Vide Rome.
Cairns, their purpose, i. 27. Caledonians, the ancient, ii. 106. Calendar, the Roman, i. 412. Caligula, tyranny of, ii. 483. Callisthenes, i. 239.
Calvin, founder of the Reformation at Geneva, ii. 298.
Cambyses, history, i. 38, 115; his jus- tice, 121.
Camillus, Marcus Furius, dictator, i. 345, 349.
Camoëns, Portuguese poet, ii. 492. Canaanites, account of the, i. 49.
Canada colonized by the French, ii. 315. Canadian red Indians, i. 64.
Candia taken by the Turks, ii. 459.
Candidates in Rome, i. 340.
Cannæ, Hannibal's victory at, i. 373. Cantacuzenus, John, emperor of Greece, ii. 207, 251.
Canute, king of Denmark, Norway, and England, ii. 113
Captivity of Israel, i. 114. Capua, city of Campania, i. 352, 375 State of, i. 352.
Caracalla, emperor of Rome, i. 595. Caractacus, the British prince, ii. 104. Carbo, the consul, i. 390. Carcassonne, treatment of the city of ii. 175.
Carloman, Frank princes named, ii. 59, 61.
Carolinas, the, settled by order of Charles II., ii. 316.
Carthage, history of, i. 50, 357; litera- ture, 359; wars, 359; colonies in Si- cily, 360, 364; the third Punic war, 382; destruction of the city, 383. Cary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland, ii.
Cassander, wars of, i. 198, 303. Cassibelaunus, king of the Trinobantes, ii. 104.
Cassini, astronomer, ii. 490. Cassiodorus, secretary of Theodoric, ii. 37, 41.
Cassius, consul, proposes an agrarian law, i. 323.
Caius, conspires against Cæsar,
i. 415. Castes known in ancient Egypt, i. 46. Catiline, a profligate and cruel senator, i. 395; his conspiracy with Cethegus and Lentulus defeated by Cicero, 397. Cato, the censor, i. 379, 432, 441.
the younger, opinions and speech- es of, i. 401. Catullus and Pompey defeat Lepidus, i. 396.
Cecrops lands in Attica, i. 53, 54. Celestinus, pope, ii. 130. Celta, the, i. 347.
Celtic nations, ii. 26; religion of, 29, 32, 33.
Censors, Roman, i. 341.
Ceres worshipped at Eleusis, i. 68. Charoneia, battle of, i. 174.
Chalcondilas, ii. 251.
Chaldæa or Babylonia, i. 32.
Chaldæans or Chaldees, priests and as- tronomers, i. 32.
Charlemagne, age of, i. 10; reign, con- quests, and character of, ii. 70, 73. Charles Martel, victor over the Sara- cens, ii. 58.
the Wise, king of France, ii,
Charles VIII. of France projects the conquest of Naples, ii. 214; besieges Rome, 215; he defeats the Spaniards, Italians, and Germans, 216; returns to France, 216; his death and suc- cessor, 217.
IX. of France, il. 373. of Anjou, king of Naples, ii.
I., state of England on his ac- cession, ii. 393; his dissensions with the parliament, 399; peace with France and Spain, 400; he interferes with the Scottish church, 401; civil war, fields of Worcester and Edge- hill, 406; he is defeated at Naseby, 407; a prisoner of the Scots, he is delivered up to the parliament, 407; Cromwell, 406; the king's escape, 408; after fruitless negotiation and an imprisonment in Carisbrook Cas- tle, he is tried and beheaded at White- hall, 409; question of passive obedi- ence, 409.
II. acknowledged king in Scot- land and Ireland, ii. 411; defeated at Worcester, he escapes to France, 412; his restoration, 418; the sale of Dunkirk, 420; war with France and Holland, 420; alliance with Holland and Sweden, 420; domestic adminis- tration, accusation against the Jesu- its, 420; deaths of Lord William Rus- sell and Algernon Sidney, 423; the king's death, 423.
V. of Germany and Spain, birth and pretensions, ii. 277; visits Henry VIII. in England, 279; his victory over Soliman, 282; at Paris, 283; peace with Henry, 284; de- feats the protestants in the battle of Mulberg, 285; abdication and death, 287; great events of his reign, 304.
II. of Spain, ii. 463; death,
Canutson of Sweden, ii. 295. X., king of Sweden, reign of, ii. 456.
XII., king of Sweden, i. 14; accession, ii. 477; lands in Zealand and attacks Copenhagen, 477; defeats Peter the Great at Narva, 477; he dethrones Augustus, king of Poland, 478; places Stanislaus Leckzinski on the throne, 478; he marches into Russia, 479; crosses the Ukraine, 479; is defeated at Pultowa, 479; his conduct at Bender, 480; prisoner of the Turks, 481; defends Stralsund, 482; invades Norway, 482; is killed at Frederickschal, 482.
the Bold, duke of Burgundy, ambition and death of, ii. 213. Chatillon, death of Raymond de, ii. 159.
Chaucer's diplomatic and poetic talents, ii. 249.
China, its early civilization and its in- stitutions, i. 13; the Tartar emperors, ii. 338; Chinese emperors, 338; the Mantchou Tartars reconquer China, 338; annals, 339; calculation of eclip- ses, 339; manners, customs, and insti- tutions, 340; Jesuit missionaries, 341; astronomy, 341; written language, 342; medicine, 343; gunpowder, 343; printing, 343; painting, 343; the wall, 345; gardening, 345; China- ware, 345; laws, 346; religion, 347; morals, 349; traditions and supersti- tion, 352, 357.
Chiron, astronomical data, i. 71, 73. Chivalry, institutions of, ii. 100, 168. Chosroës I. and II., Parthian or Persian monarchs, i. 496; ii. 25.
Christian II. of Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, ii. 295; deposed, 296.
IV. of Denmark, ii. 457. Christianity established in the Roman empire, ii. 1, 12.
Christina, queen of Sweden, abdication, ii. 455; death of, 456. Chronicle of Paros, antiquity of this Arundelian marble, i. 53.
Chronology of Archbishop Usher, i. 14; of Greece, 53; Sir I. Newton's, 76. Church, the Christian, ii. 3; the Greek, 95.
Cicero saves Rome from the ambition of Catiline, i. 398; exile, 403.
writings of, i. 380, 439; his va- rious opinions, 68, 102, 105, 155, 333, 380, 403, 414.
Cid, Don Rodriguez or the, ii. 126 Cimabue, the painter, ii. 319. Cimbri, irruption of the, i. 390; of Den- mark, ii. 27.
Cimon, Athenian, his victories, i. 139; banishment, 141; death, 141. Cincinnatus, L. Quintius, i. 328; dicta- tor, 329, 441.
Cinna, the consul, i. 393.
Clarendon, Lord, history and characte of, ii. 420; history by, 500. Claudius Nero, Roman consul, i. 377. reign and conquest of Britain,
i. 484. Clearchus, Lacedæmonian captain, i. 157.
Cleisthenes, Athenian, i. 111. Clement IV, Pope, ii. 173. V.. ii. 179.
VII., ii. 281; his quar rel with Henry VII. fatal to papal supremacy in England, 300, 301. Cleomenes, i. 111; restores the laws of Lycurgus, i. 208.
Cleopatra, reigns in Egypt, i. 409; cap tivates Mark Antony, 419; death. 421.
Clermont, council of, ii. 154. Claudius causes the exile of Cicero, i. 402.
Clovis, king of the Franks, i. 36, 57. Clusium, siege of, i. 347.
Codrus, oracle respecting i. 80; his self-devotion to save Athens, 98. Coins, invention and use of, i. 28. Colbert, minister of Louis XIV., ii. 457, 462.
Cole, Dr., anecdote, ii. 203. Coligni, expedition of, defeated by the Portuguese in Brazil, ii. 315; chief of the Huguenots, 374; his death, 375 Columbus discovers America, ii. 304, his voyages, 305.
Comedy, the Grecian, i. 244, 249; the Roman, 430; English, ii. 496; French, 498.
Commerce of the Tyrians, i. 51; of Greece, 223; of the Carthaginians, 358,.365; the Levant trade, Venice and Genoa, ii. 166; with India, by the ancients, 334; of the English witn India, 337; progress of Europe. an, and of English commerce, 255
et seq. Commodus, the emperor, ii. 501. Condé, the prince of, ii. 373.
campaigns of the great prince of, ii. 454 et seq.
Conon, the Athenian, i. 159. Conrad, king, poisoned, ii. 173. Conradin, king, ii. 174.
Constans, emperor of the Western em- pire of Rome, i. 516. Constantine the Great, reign, i. 508; maintains Christianity, 508, 509; ii. 7; his wars, i. 509; death of Crispus and Fausta, 509; embellishment of Byzantium, which he selects as the seat of the Roman empire (see Con- stantinople), 510; his magnificence, 510.
Copronymus, the emperor,
ii. 82. Constantius, the emperor, dies in Brit- ain, i. 508.
son of Constantine the
Great, i. 516. Constantinople; the city of Byzantium established by Constantine the Great as the seat of the empire, i. 510; ex- tent of the new capital, 510; the sons of Theodosius share his dominions, Arcadius emperor of the East reigns in Constantinople, and Honorius in Rome, ii. 13; invasion of the Eastern empire by the Huns, 13; power and splendor of the Roman emperors re- newed under Justinian, 23; factions of the green, blue, and red, 23; Jus- tin, 25; Heraclius, 26; the Eastern capital is defended against the inva
sion of Saracens and Turks, 92 frightful history of its emperors, 92 the patriarchs of the Greek church, 95; Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Nicephorus Phocas, and Michael Pa phlagonatus, 153; Alexius Comne- nus, and Anna Comnena, 155; the city taken by Baldwin and the cru- saders, 161; Michael Paleologus retakes it, 173; taken by the Turks, extinction of the Greek empire, 210. Consuls of Rome, i. 309 et seq. Conti, the prince of, ii. 455. Copernicus, astronomy of, ii. 488. Cordova, kingdom of, in Spain, ii. 98. Corinth, its wars, 1. 145; siege of, and
destroyed by the Romans, 498. . Coriolanus, Caius Marcius, i. 321 et seq. Corneille and Racine, ii. 498. Cornelia, daughter of Scipio, i. 385. Correggio, painter, ii. 322. Cortez, conquest of Mexico by, ii 304, 309.
Councils and Synods, Christian, ii. 5. Courtenay, Peter de, emperor of Con- stantinople, ii. 173.
Covenant, national, of Scotland, ii. 401. Cowley and Spenser, poems of, ii. 495. Cranaus, king of Athens, i. 54. Crassus, Roman general, i. 392; a tri- umvir, 400; slain by the Parthians, 405.
Cratippus, philosophy of, i. 438.
Creon, king, war against Adrastus, i. 75. Cresilas, sculptor of the Gladiator, i. 230.
Cresphontes, return to the Peloponne- sus, i. 80.
Cressy, battle of, ii. 197. Croesus, king, i. 115; subdues Asia Minor, 127.
Cromwell, Oliver, ii. 406; seizes the king, 407; meditates the destruction of both king and parliament, 408; succeeds Fairfax in command of the army, 412; war with the Dutch, 412; dissolution of parliament, 413; nomi- nated Lord Protector, makes peace with the Dutch, 414; he affects the crown, conversation with Whitelocke, 415; his death, 417. Crustuminium, Italian town, i. 286,
Ctesiphon, trial of, de coronâ, i. 106. Cuba, the island of, ii. 305, 308. Curius, M., defeats Pyrrhus, i. 441. Cuzco, a Peruvian city, ii. 312. Cyaxares destroys Nineveh, i. 114. Cybele, temple at Sardis, i. 128. Cynic philosophy of Antisthenes, i. 269. Cynoscephale, battle of, i. 211. Cyprus reduced by Athens, i. 141.
Daniel, prophecies of, i. 200. Dante Alighieri, ii. 248
Darius the Mede, son of Cyaxares, i.
son of Hystaspes, i. 116; pro- ject of subjugating Greece, 128.
Codomannus, reign of, i. 176; invasion of Alexander, 180; death, 188.
Ochus, reign of, i. 168; poison-
ed, 176. Darnley, Henry, Lord, marriage with Mary queen of Scots, ii. 385; his murder, 386.
Datis, army of, i. 129.
David I., king of Scotland, ii. 189. Decemviri, Roman, i. 327, 330 et seq. Decius, self-devotion of, i. 353. Dejoces elected king by the Medes, i. 21, 114.
Delhi, seat of the Mahometan empire in India, ii. 335.
Delphi, oracle of Apollo, i. 64; attack- ed, 134.
Deluge, interval between the creation and the, i. 15; of Ogyges, 53; of Deu- calion, 55. Demetrius Phalereus, i. 203; ii. 4. Poliorcetes, wars of, i. 205. son of Antigonus, i. 198. son of Philip II., i. 378. Democritus, philosopher, i. 265. Demosthenes, the orator, i. 171; the Philippics, 173, 175; danger, 179; death of, 202.
death of this commander,
i. 159. Denmark, the Scandinavians and Cim- bri, ii, 26; Odin or Sigga, 27; Sciold, 27; Harold founds Jomsburg in Po- merania, 31; Regner Lodbrog, 32; Danish and Norman kings and chief- tains, 90; the Danes settle in France, 91; Otho the Great, 100; Sweyn adds England to his dominions, 112; Canute the Great, 113; Hardiknute succeeds him in Denmark, 113; the Danish invasions of Ireland, 141; the protestant faith established, 304. Dermot Mac Murroch, king of Leinster, ii. 141.
Descartes, system of, ii. 487. Deucalion, deluge of, i. 55. Dictator, executive dignity at Rome, i. 313.
Djemschid founds Persepolis, ii. 354. Didier, king of the Lombards, ii. 72. Diocletian, splendid reign of the empe- ror, i. 507; he resigns the purple, 508. Diodorus Siculus, i. 256. Diogenes, the cynic, i. 269. Dion, life of, i. 362.
Dion Cassius, historian, i. 504. Dionysius, king of Syracuse, i. 360; varied fortunes of the younger Dio- nysius, 361, 362.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, i. 257, 339 Dodona, oracle of i. 64.
Domitian, the twelfth of the Cæsars, a detestable emperor, i. 494. Doomsday book, the, ii. 134. Dorians, the colonies of, i. 81 et seq. Doric dialect, the, i. 86. Draco, laws of, i. 22, 99. Drama, the Greek, i. 244; Thespis, 244; Aristophanes, 244; Menander, 245; Eschylus, 246; the Roman, 428; Ennius, 429; Plautus, 429; Terence, 430.
Druids, vast temples and huge altars of these Celtic priests, ii. 33; human sacrifices, 33.
Drusus, Livius, i. 391. Dryden, poetry of, ii. 495. Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester, ii. 382; death, 392.
Dunbar, Charles II. defeated at, ii. 412. Dunstan, account of St., ii. 112. Durer, Albert, painter and engraver i. 326.
Egbert, sole Saxon Monarch, unites the Heptarchy, ii. 107.
Egypt, its early history, i. 18, 34; its monarchy, priests, and judicature, 36; its penal laws, 37; customs, 37, 38, 41; religion, 43, 46; character, 47; flourishing state under Ptolemy Soter, 198.
Egyptians, the early civilization of, i. 34. Eleatic sect of philosophy, i. 265. Eleazar, high-priest in Jerusalem, ii. 4. Eleusis, the Eleusinian mysteries, i. 68. Elizabeth, queen, establishes the prot-
estant faith, ii. 203; her ministers, 382; policy with regard to Scotland, 384; treatment of Mary queen of Scots, 389.
Embalming in Egypt, i. 37, 41.
Emilius, defeated and slain, i. 374. Empires, the predominant, i. 7; As- syria, 17; Persia, 113; Macedon, 177. Vide Rome. England-the Britons invaded by Cæ-
ii. 103; by Claudius, 104; Sue- tonius Paulinus, 04; Boadicea, 104; they sue to the Romans for aid against the Picts and Scots, 105; the Saxon Heptarchy, 106; Hengist and Horsa, 106; kingdom of Kent, 107; Christianity established, 107; North- umberland, Mercia, Essex, Wessex, Sussex, 107; king Egbert, 107; in- vasions by Danes and Normans, 108; wars of Alfred the Great, 109; the Danes embrace Christianity, 109 prosperity of the kingdom, 109; the Saxon institutions, 110; writings of Alfred, 111; his Saxon successors, 112; Sweyn of Denmark conquers the kingdom, 112; king Canute, 112; Edgar Atheling, 113; Harold and Hardiknute, 113; Edward the Con- fessor, and Earl Godwin, 114; Har- old, the son of Godwin, is vanquished by William of Normandy, 116; the Anglo-Saxon government, laws, and manners, 117, 121; reign of the Nor- man conqueror, 131, 134; William Rufus, 134; Henry I., king, 135; Robert, duke of Normandy, returning from Palestine, is imprisoned, 135; charter by king Henry, 135; his character, 136; king Stephen's usur- pation, 137; the empress Matilda, 137; Henry II. quarrels with Thom- as à Becket, Archbishop of Canter- bury, 138, 140; conquest of Ireland, 141; the fair Rosamond, 142; the princes Henry, Geoffrey, and Rich- ard are rebellious, 142; penance done by Henry II., 143; Richard Coeur de Lion, 144; the Crusades, 144, 154, 164; John, an usurper and tyrant, 145; submits to the legate Pandolf, 147; he signs Magna Charta, 148; its provisions, 148, 149; power of the Norman barons, 148; the Braban on or Flemish mercenaries, 150; inva- sion of Lewis the Dauphin, 150; ac- cession of Henry III., 151; the Cru- sades, 154, 164; effects of these dis- tant expeditions, 164; origin of parliament, 177; conquest of Wales by Edward I., 187; he invades Scot- land, 188; Wallace beheaded, 193; Edward II., 194; the Spensers, 195; Mortimer and Isabella, 195; glorious reign of Edward III., 196; Cressy, Edward the Black Prince, 197; queen Philippa captures David, king of Scotland, 198; battle of Poic- tiers, 199; king Richard II., 201; | Usurbation of Henry IV., 202; Hen.
ry V. wins the battle of Agincourt, 204; he is succeeded by Hen- ry VI. as king of England and France, 205; the war in France con- ducted by the duke of Bedford, 206; misfortunes of Henry VI., 223; suc- cession of the house of York, 227 battle of Bosworth-field, 228; Henry VII. and the house of Tudor, 228; Perkin Warbeck, 229; reign of Hen ry VIII., 278, 284; the Reformation, 290 et seq., 299, 303; Wolsey, 279, 300; abolition of monasteries, 301; cruelties of Henry VIII. to his queens, 302; death of Lady Jane Grey, 302; reign of Edward VI., 302; Mary I., 302; persecutions, 303; Elizabeth, 303; the Armada defeated 370; reign of Elizabeth, 382, 394; James VI. crowned king of Scotland, 389; becomes James I. of England, 395; reign of Charles I., 399, 410; the Irish rebellion, 404; the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell, 411, 417; Richard, Crom- well, 417; the restoration of Charles ii., 418; James II., abdication of, 426; William and Mary, 427; the Revolution, 427; the English consti- tution, 428, 442; William III., his campaigns against Louis XIV., 460; queen Anne, 464; Marlborough, 464. England, New, state of North America,
Engraving invented by a goldsmith of Florence, ii. 325.
Enguien, count D', ii. 283. Ennius, poems of, i. 429. Epaminondas, victories of, i. 162, 167. Epernon, duke of, ii. 443. Ephesus, city of Ionia, i. 81. Ephori, the, at Sparta, i. 97. Epicurus, philosophy of, i. 279, 441. Epigonoi, war of the, i. 76. Epochs, leading historical, i. 3. Equinoxes, precession of the, elucidate chronology, i. 75.
Equites, or Roman knights, i. 287. Erasmus, i. 293.
Erechtheus, or Erichthonius, i. 68. Erythræan Sea, the, i. 117. Esarhaddon, king, i. 114. Essex, earl of, his favor with queen Elizabeth, ii. 392; beheaded in the Tower, 393.
Ethelred dethroned by Sweyn of Den- mark, ii. 112.
Eteocles, war with Polynices and Adrastus, i. 774, 75. Ethiopians conquer Egypt, i. 18. Etruscans, or Etrurians, i. 225, 227, 282 et seq., 347.
Euboea, war in the island of, i. 152. Eudes, king of France, i. 91. Eudoxia empress of Arcadius, ii. 16
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