Magi of Persia, i. 122.

Magna Charta, ii. 148, 187.
Magnentius assassinates the
Constans, i. 516.

emperor

Mahmoud, a Tartar, conquers a part of
India, ii. 335.

Mahomet, religion of, i. 12; ii. 50, 54;
precepts and laws, 51; his posterity,
the Abassidæ, 55; splendor and
power of the Mussulmans, 26, 55;
the Mahometan religion spreads
throughout India, 98; the Mahome-
tan rule in the peninsula of India,
335; the Mogul emperors, 335.

II., Sultan, takes Constantino-

ple, ii. 210 et seq.

III., ii. 330.

IV., Sultan, ii. 459.

Mahrattas, the, of the Indian peninsula,
ii. 336.

Mairan, M. de, writings of, ii. 352.

>

Manfred, ii. 173.

Manichees, the, i. 124.
Manlius, Titus, i. 353.

Mantinea, war with Tegea, i. 166; bat-
tle of, 167.

Marathon, defeat of the Persians at, i.
129.

Marcellus takes Syracuse, i. 377.
Marcianus, reign of, ii. 18.
Mardonius, command and death of, i.
128, 136.

Marius, varied fortunes of the consul,
i. 390, 392, 394.

Marlborough, duke of, ii. 464; victories
of Blenheim and Ramillies, 465; Mal-
plaquet, 467.

Margaret, queen of Henry VI., her
spirited conduct, ii. 224.

-, daughter of Henry VII. mar-
ried to James, king of Scotland, ii.
237.

Marian islands discovered by Magellan,
ii. 59.

Marriage, and early institution of civili-
zation, i. 22; customs regarding it,
23, 94.

Marriages of the Romans, i. 340.
Marseilles, Druidical grove near, ii. 34.
Martial, epigrammatist, i. 436.
Martin V., pope, ii. 183.
Mary I., persecutions of, ii. 302.

II. and William, ii. 425.

queen of Scots, and wife of Fran-
cis II., king of France, claims the
English crown, ii. 382; her marriage
with lord Darnley, 385; is prisoner
in the castle of Lochleven, 387; her
abdication, 389; she escapes from
prison, defeat at Langside and flight
to England, 389; imprisonment at
Fotheringay by Elizabeth, 390; she
is beheaded, 391.

Mary of, Regent of France, ii.
442; imprisoned in the castle of
Blois, 443.

Catharine of, ii. 373.
Megabyzes, the Persian, i. 141.
Mehegan, "Tableau de l'Histoire Uni-
verselle," i. 4.

Memphis, Thebes, Thin, and Tanis,
governments of ancient Egypt, i. 18
Menelaus, i. 76, 84.

Menennius, Roman consul, i. 330.
Menes, Oziris, or Misraim, i. 18.
Mentor, the Rhodian, i. 176.
Merovius and the Merovingian race of
kings, ii. 56.

Messene, history of, i. 109, 164.
Metellus defeats the Achæans, i. 211;.
triumphs in Sicily, 369; in Africa, 390.
Mexico, the capital described, ii. 309;
conquest of the empire, 309, picture
writing of, i. 26.

Michael, the emperor, ii. 95.
Miletus founded, i. 81.
Military art, the, i. 74, 77, 96.
Millot," Elémens de l'Histoire Génér
ale," i. 4.

Miltiades, actions of, i. 129; death, 130
Milton, English epic poet, ii. 493.
Minorca and Sardinia taken by the Eng
lish, ii. 466.

Minos, king of Crete, i. 90.
Mirandola, siege of, ii. 222.
Mithridates, wars of, i. 212, 392, 396,
death of, 397.

Mogul dynasty in India, ii. 336.
Mohammed Gori rules at Benares in
Hindostan, ii. 335.
Monarchies, the first, i. 20.
Monasteries, abolition of them in Eng
land, ii. 301.

Monastic institutions, rise of, ii. 82-86
94.
Money, iron, at Sparta, i. 92.

Otho, Roman emperor, ii. 489.

100.

II., ii. 101.

III., ii. 123.

IV. of Germany, ii. 151.

Ottocarus, king of Bohemia, ii. 176;
slain in battle, 176.

Ottoman empire, i. 217; ii. 54, 207.
(Vide Turks.)

Ovid, the poet, i. 436.

166.

ii. 58; king, 59.

thirty years' war, ii. 452.

Oxford library, ii. 252.
Oziris, conquests of, i. 18.

Pagan deities:-their mythology and
worship carried by the Phoenicians
into Greece, i. 49, 52.

Painting in ancient Greece, i. 233-236.
and the fine arts, ii. 317-320;
academy instituted at Florence, 319.
Paleologus, Michael, ii. 173.

John, his treaty with Amurath,
ii. 207.
Palestine, the Crusades to the Holy
Land, ii. 154, 164.

Palmyra and the history of Syria, i. 28.
Panæus, Athenian painter, i. 130, 224.
Papirius Cursor, i. 443.

332.

the Jus Civile Papirianum, i.

Carbo defeated by the Cimbri,

i. 390.
Paris besieged by the Normans, ii. 90,

91.

-, Trojan prince, i. 76.
Parmenio, Macedonian captain, i. 176;
death, 192.

Paros, the Chronicle of, an inscribed
marble, i. 53, 54, 76.

Parrhasius, ancient painter, i. 234, 235.
Parsi, or Guebres of Persia, i. 125.
Parthians, wars of Rome against the;
they overthrow Crassus, i. 405; reign
of Chosroës, 496.

Patkul, Livonian noble, ii. 477-479.
Patriarchs, parental authority of the, i.
20.

Patricians, or Senators of Rome, i. 287.
Patrons and clients at Rome, i. 290, 443.
Paul III., pope, ji. 285.

IV., pope, ii. 361.
Pausanias murders Philip, i. 177.

death of the Spartan, i. 138.
Pedro the Cruel, king of Castile, ii.
200; slain on the departure of the
Black Prince, 217.
Peiræus, port of Athens, i. 74, 138.
Pisistratus collects the verses of Homer,
i. 238.

usurpation of, i. 110.
Pelagian and Arian doctrines, ii. 80.

Perdiccas, i. 195.

-, king of Macedon, i. 165.
Pericles, taste and learning of, i. 140;
administration, 143; death, 147.
Persecutions, the, of Christians by Nero
and Domitian, ii. 23; by Trajan, 6;
the Antonines, 6; by Diocletian, 7.
Perseus, king of Macedonia, i. 381,

founds Mycenæ, i. 79.
Persia, invasions of Greece, i. 7; the
Persian monarchy, 113, 117; magni-
ficence, 118; customs and institu-
tions, 118-120; valor, 119; religion,
121; the fire-worshippers, 122; Per-
sians adopt the costume of conquered
nations, 126; they invade Greece, 126;
are resisted by the Athenians with
resolution, 128-142; action at Ther-
mopyla, 132; the monarchs, 151.
Vide Alexander the Great, Themis-
tocles, Miltiades, and the Parthians
and Saracens.

Peru, annals of, i. 25.

Peter, king of Arragon, ii. 174.

church of St., at Rome, built by
Leo X., Raffaelle, Buonarotti, and
Bramante, ii. 291, 325.

the Great, reign of, ii. 473. Vide
Russia.

the Hermit, ii. 154 et seq.
Petrarch, ii. 248; his interview with
Chaucer, 250, 494.
Phalanx, the, i. 78.

Pharamond, kingdom of, ii. 56.
Pharaoh Necho, fleet of, i. 45; dethron
ed, 115.

Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, i. 411.
Phidias, sculptures of, i. 130, 168, 224
232; temples built by him, 224.
Pheræ, state of Thessaly, i. 165.
Philip II. of Spain, ii. 361.

III. drives the Moors out of
Spain, ii. 447.

IV., king of Spain, ii. 447, 458.

V. of Spain, ii. 464; victory of
Almanza, 466; defeat at Saragossa
467; the victory of Villa Vitiosa es
tablishes Philip permanently, 467.

the Fair, king of France, ii. 177.
the Long, ii. 177.

of Valois, king of France, ii. 196

鲁

, son of Demetrius, defeated by
Lærinus in Italy, i. 375; wars of,
210, 378.

Philippa, queen of Edward III., defeats
David Bruce with his 50,000 Scots,
ii. 198, 131.

Philosophy of the Egyptians, i. 43.

of Greece, i. 82, 260-281.
of Greece and Rome, i. 438-
441; full account of the great hea-
then philosophers, i. 82, 260-281; ii.
2 et passim.

the Athenian schools abol-
ished by Justinian, ii. 23.
Phocians, the sacred war, i. 170.
Phocion, Athenian commander, i. 174,
201; death of, 203.

Phoenicians, their commerce and litera-
ture, i. 48; settle in Greece, 52.
Phoroneus, king of Argos, i. 52.
Photius and Ignatius, Greek patriarchs,

ii. 95.

Phraortes conquers Persia, i. 114.
Picts and Scots, the, ii. 18, 105.
Picture-writing, an aid of history, i. 26.
Pindar, odes of, i. 242.

Pizarro and Almagro conquer Peru, ii.
311; their death, 312.
Plague in Rome, i. 351.

Platea, battle of, i. 136; siege of, 148.
Plateans, the, i. 129.

Plato's opinions of Lycurgus, i. 88; vis-
its Sicily, 362; writes the doctrine of
Socrates, 267; the Platonic philoso-
phy, 270.

Plautus, plays of, i. 429.

Plany, his philosophy and criticism, i.
234, 439, 440.

the younger, writings and ad-
ministration of, i. 425, 439.
Plutarch, the works of, i. 258, 422.
Pluto, account of, i. 61.

Poetry, its earliest objects, i. 27.
Poets of Greece, i. 238.

Poggio, the Florentine, ii. 184, 252.
Polybius, an accurate historian, i. 255.
Polysperchon, i. 203.

Pompey, Cnæus, Roman commander,

i. 392; he joins Sylla, 394; distin-
guished in command, 396; is defeated
by Julius Cæsar, 409; is slain in
Egypt, 410.

sons of, their wars, i. 413.
Pontius, victorious Samnite, i. 353.
Poplicola, Publius Valerius, i. 310.
Porphyry, and Philo, i. 49 ; ii. 6.
Porsenna, king of Etruria, i. 311.
Portugal, revolution, ii. 448; constitu-
tion of, 448.

Portuguese, their nautical discoveries,
i. 12; ii. 492.

Posthumius, Roman consul, i. 381.

ii. 465.

Ravenna, Odoacer besieged in, ii. 22.
Reformation, the, in England, ii. 290-
299; writings of Wicliffe, 299; the
Lollards, 299; Henry VIII., 300;
Edward VI., 302; increase of Prot-
estantism, 302; Elizabeth establishes
the Protestant religion, 302.
Regulus attacks Carthage, i. 368; his
embassy and devotion, 369; death,
370.

Religion, the first ideas of, i. 28; of
China, ii. 347, 348; of Egypt, i. 36,
43, 46; of Greece and Rome, i. 60,
282, 288, 292, 296, 301; of Brama in
India, ii. 336; of the Scandinavians,
ii. 27; the Mahometan, 51.
Republics Athens, i. 81, 98; Lace

dæmon, 84; Thebes, 161; Rome, ii.
303, 309 et seq.

Retz, Cardinal de, ii. 412, 454.
Rhodes, the Colossus destroyed, ii. 54.
Richard, duke of Normandy, ii. 111.

I., king of England, reign of, ii.
144. Vide Crusades.

II., ii. 201; assassinated in
Pontefract Castle, 202.

III., crimes of, ii. 227; crowned,
227; death on Bosworth Field, 228;
Richelieu, cardinal, ii. 443; repels
Buckingham, 444; surrender of Ro-
chelle, 444; establishes the French
Academy, 446.

Robert, duke of Normandy, ii. 112.
king of France, ii. 122.

, high steward of Scotland, suc-
ceeds to the throne on the death of
king David, i. 131.

III., of Scotland, ii 232.
Rodolph of Hapsburg, ii. 175. Vide
Germany.

II. of Germany, ii. 450.
Rollo, conquest of the Norman chief, ii.

91.

Rome, ancient, i. 8, 282, 356, 367, 524;

ii. 26.; Kings, Consuls, Generals, are
found in the tabular order of names;
many chief events and customs follow
here the Roman ædiles, i. 351; the
Æqui, 329, 239, 354; agrarian law,
disputes regarding an, 323, 326; the
Albans and Fidenates, 294; the
Aventine Mount, 329; augurs and
aruspices, 289; books of Numa, 291;
quarrel of C. J. Cæsar and C. Pom-
pey, 397; dictatorship of Cæsar, 411;
his death, 415; candidates, 416; de-
feats of Cannæ and Thrasymenus,
373; accession of Capua to the state,
352; war with the Carthaginians,
367 et seq.; Romans destroy Carth-
age, 383; censors, 341; census, 301;
centuries and classes, ii. 299, 322, 325;
civil dissensions of the patrician and
popular parties, 257, 316, 331; the
civil war of Cæsar, 406, 410; the
cloaca, 220; the comitia, 300, 309,
325; commonwealth and consuls, 309,
et seq.; 463, 474; conquests in Asia,
385; in Greece and Macedonia, 378,
382, 384; conspiracy of Catiline, 397;
constitution, 303 et passim; Romans
destroy Corinth, 384; customs,
292;
dictators, 313, 229 et passim; de-
cemviri, 327, 331, 334; disregard of
treaties, 307; divination and augury,
282, 288; embellishment of the city,
296, 415; the equites, 287; the Etru-
scans, or Etrurians, 282, 311, 347;
fasti, 294; the flamen, 293; founda-
tion of the city, 285; sedition of the
Gracchi, 385; wars with the Gauls,
347; city destroyed by Brennus, 348;

heroic deeds, 311; consternation at
Rome on the approach of Hannibal,
374; temple of Janus, 294; the Ju-
gurthine war, 390; temple of Jupi-
ter Capitolinus, 297; the Roman
kings, 285-307; the Latins, 284, 352;
laws and institutions, 288, 293, 298,
308, 333; lectisternium, ceremony of
superstition, 344; defeat of Lepidus,
396; literature, 426; atrocities of
Marius, Cinna, and Sylla, 390, 395.
marriage laws, 340; summary of the
Roman manners, 442, 451; the citi-
zens retire to the Mons Sacer, 315,
320; navy, 368, 461-463; war be-
twixt Octavius and Mark Antony,
420; omens, 289; origin of the peo-
ple, 282; the Palatine Hill, 310; the
Papirian code, 332; patricians, patres,
or senators, 287; patrons, 290, 443;
philosophy, 438; the plague, 344, 351;
the pontifices, 295; power of the ur-
ban prætors, 350; war against Pyr-
rhus the Epirot, 355; religion of hea-
then Rome, 288, 301; revolutions of
Lucius Junius Brutus against the
kings, 302; of Virginius against the
decemvirate, 338; of Cæsar against
the republic, 405-411; of Marcus
Brutus to restore liberty, 415; wars
against the Sabines, 284, 295, 328;
against the Samnites, 352; the Salii,
233; senate of Rome, 295, 304; its
contests with the plebeians, 313, 326,
342; the war in Sicily; 369 et seq
the Social war, 392; siege of Syra
cuse by Marcellus, 375; the Taren-
tine war, 354; Tarpeian rock, 324;
tribes and curiæ, 287, 298; tribunes
of the people, 316, 319; the mili
tary tribunes, 338; the first triumvi-
rate, 401, 466; the second triumvi.
rate, 417; the Twelve Tables, 331;
the Veientes, 291, 309; siege of
their city Veii, 343; temple of Vesta,
Vestal virgins, 293; law of Volero,
325; wars against the Volscians, 314,
323; warfare, tactics, and art of be
sieging and defence, 451-461.
Rome -the empire founded; Octavius
reigns with the style of Augustus,
i. 214, 475; reign of Tiberius [the
Christian era], 480; Caligula, 483;
Claudius, 484; Nero, 486; Galba,
488; Otho, 489; Vitellius, 490; Ves-
pasian, 490; Titus, 493; Domitian,
494; Nerva, 494; Trajan, 495; Adri-
an, 496; Antoninus Pius, 497; the
Antonines, 498; Marcus Aurelius,
499; Commodus, 501; S. Severus,
503; Caracalla, 505; Aurelian, 506;
Diocletian, 506; Maximian, 508;
Constantine the Great, 508; he
changes the seat of empire to By
zantium, 510 Constantius, 516