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CHAPTER XVI.
View of the Progress of Literature and Science in Europe
CHAPTER XVII.
213
View of the Progress of Commerce in Europe before the Portuguese Discove- ries
255
CHAPTER XVIII.
Discoveries of the PORTUGUESE in the Fifteenth Century, and their Effect on
the Commerce of Europe.-Madeira discovered-Pope's Bull, granting to the
Portuguese the Countries explored by them-They double the Cape of Good
Hope-De Gama reaches India-Goa taken-Their Objects opposed by the
Venetians-Portuguese sail to China-Establish Macao-Effects on European
Commerce-Rise of Antwerp and Amsterdam-Progress of Commerce and
Manufactures in England
266
CHAPTER XIX.
Charles V. succeeds to the Throne of Spain-Elected Emperor of Germany--
Contests with Francis I.-Alliance with Henry VIII.-The Constable of
Bourbon takes Francis I. Prisoner-Treaty of Madrid-Henry VIII. takes
part with Francis-Charles defeats the Turks in Hungary-Defeats Barba-
rossa in Africa-Francis allies himself with the Turks-War carried on in
Italy and France-Death of Francis I.-Rise and History of the Order of
Jesuits-Ferdinand of Saxony, Head of the Protestant League-Resignation of
Charles V.-The Constitution of the German Empire
276
CHAPTER XX.
Of the Reformation in Germany and Switzerland, and the Revolution in Den-
mark and Sweden-Reformation in England under Henry VIII. and his
Successors-Immediate causes-Sale of Indulgences-Luther attacks the
abuses of the Romish Church—Zuinglius-Reformed Religion acknowledged
by Decrees of the Senate in Zürich, Berne, and Basle-the Revolution in
Denmark and Sweden-Gustavus Vasa-Anabaptists-Origin of the Name of
Protestant-Calvin-Origin of the Reformation in England-Henry declares
himself Head of the Church-Persecution under Mary-firmly established
under Elizabeth
290
CHAPTER XXI
DISCOVERY of AMERICA.-Columbus discovers Cuba-The Caribbees-Amer-
ica-Description of Inhabitants and Productions-Cruelties of the Spaniards---
Conquest of Mexico-Discovery of Peru-Administration of the Spaniards----
Possessions of other European Nations in America
304
CHAPTER XXII.
AGE OF LEO X-State of the Arts under the Goths-Revival in Italy-
Cimabue-Academy for Painting instituted at Florence, 1350-Michael An-
gelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci-The different Italian Schools-Flemish
School-Dutch Statuary and Architecture---Art of Engraving
317
SURVEY of the STATE of the PRINCIPAL KINGDOMS of ASIA in the Six-
TEENTH and SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES:-Selim reduces Egypt-Soly-
man takes Rhodes-subdues Hungary, Moldavia, and Wallachia-Selim II.
takes Cyprus Battle of Lepanto-Persians under Shah Abbas-Government
and Religion-Tartars-India, early Particulars of-Aurungzebe-Brahmins
-Divisions of Castes
328
CHAPTER XXIV.
CHINA AND JAPAN-Tartar Revolutions-Posterity of Gengis-Khan finally
maintain Possession of the Throne-Pretensions to Antiquity considered
CHAPTER XXV.
338
M. Bailly's Theory of the Origin of the Sciences among the Nations of Asia 352
CHAPTER XXVI.
REIGN OF PHILIP II. OF SPAIN-Revolution of the Netherlands, and
Establishment of the Republic of Holland :-William of Nassau declared
Stadtholder of the United Provinces-Philip acquires the Sovereignty of
Portugal-Schemes against England-Defeat of the Armada-Death and
Character of Philip II. 361
CHAPTER XXVII.
STATE OF FRANCE IN THE END OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY :-Reli-
gious Contentions-Conspiracy of Amboise-Death of Francis II.-Charles
IX.---Massacre of St. Bartholomew-Henry III.-League of Peronne-Assas-
sination of Henry III.-Henry of Navarre abjures the Protestant Faith, and
is crowned in 1594-State of France-Character of Henry IV.-His Assassi-
nation in 1610
372
CHAPTER XXVIII.
ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND IN THE REIGNS OF ELIZABETH AND MARY,
QUEEN OF SCOTS :-Personal Enmity of Elizabeth and Mary-Reformation
in Scotland-Regency of Mary of Guise--John Knox-Intervention of Eng-
land-Confession of Faith ratified by Parliament-Mary arrives in Scotland-
Artful Measures of Elizabeth in Scotland-Murder of Rizzio-of Darnley-
Forced Abdication of Mary-James VI. proclaimed-Battle of Langsyde-
Mary imprisoned in England-Executed, 1587-Ambitious Schemes of the
Earl of Essex-Death and Character of Elizabeth
CHAPTER XXIX.
381
GREAT BRITAIN in the Reigns of JAMES I. and CHARLES I.-Accession of
James VI. of Scotland to the Throne of England-Change of popular Feeling
on the Rights of the Subject-Gunpowder Plot-His unworthy Favorites->
Pacific Reign-Death-Charles I.-Differences with his first Parliament-
Petition of Rights-Religious Innovations attempted in England and Scotland
augment the Discontents-The National Covenant-Proceedings of Charles's
last Parliament-Impeachment and Execution of Strafford--Bill passed declar-
ing Parliament perpetual-Catholic Rebellion in Ireland made a Pretext for
the Parliament's levying an Army--Bench of Bishops impeached and impris-
oned-King impeaches five Members of the House of Commons-Civil War--
Solemn League and Covenant-Scots coöperate with Parliament-Cromwell-
Battle of Naseby-Cromwell turns the Army against the Parliament-Trial
and Execution of Charles-Reflections
CHAPTER XXX.
395
COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND, REIGNS OF CHARLES II. AND JAMES II.:
--Charles II. acknowledged King in Scotland and Ireland-Marquis of Mon
trose-Cromwell defeats the Scots at Dunbar-Battle of Worcester-Naviga-
tion Act-Cromwell dissolves the Parliament by Violence, and puts an End to
the Republic-Barebones's Parliament-Cromwell named Lord Protector--His
successful Administration-Death-Richard his Son resigns the Protectorate-
the Rump Parliament-Disunion in the Council of Officers-General Monk-
Charles II. proclaimed-Profuse and voluptuous Reign-War with Holland
and France-Plague and Fire of London-Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle-Alarms
of Popery-Titus Oates-Bill excluding the Duke of York from the Crown-
Habeas Corpus Act-Distinction of Whig and Tory first used-Conspiracy of
Russell, Sidney, and Monmouth-Death of Charles-James II.-Monmouth
beheaded-Violent Measures of James excite the Disgust of all Parties-Wil-
liam, Prince of Orange-James escapes to the Continent-Crown settled on
411
the Prince and Princess of Orange-Declaration fixing the Constitution.
CHAPTER XXX I.
ON THE CONSTITUTION OF ENGLAND: --Historical Sketch of, up to the Rev-
olution-The Legislative Power-Constitution of the House of Commons-
House of Peers-the Executive Power-Powers of the Crown now limited
428
-Habeas Corpus Act-Trial by Jury-Liberty of the Press
CHAPTER XXXII.
HISTORY OF FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIII., and OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
UNDER PHILIP III, and IV.-Mary de Medicis Regent-Siege of Rochelle--
Cardinal Richelieu-Death of Louis XIII.-Spain-Philip III.-Philip IV.-
Degraded state of Spain-Portugal throws off the Spanish Yoke-Constitution
of Portugal-Constitution of Spain
442
CHAPTER XXXIII.
GERMANY FROM THE ABDICATION OF CHARLES V. TO THE PEACE OF
WESTPHALIA.-Ferdinand I.-Thirty Years' War-Ferdinand II.-Palatinate
laid waste-Gustavus Adolphus-Ferdinand III.-Peace of Westphalia
CHAPTER XXXIV.
450
FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV.-Anne of Austria Regent-Cardinal Mazarın--
Condé-Turenne-War of the Fronde-Cardinal de Retz-Treaty of the
Pyrenees and of Oliva-Christina, Queen of Sweden-Peace of Breda-Wars
in Flanders-Triple Alliance-Sabatei Sevi-Louis attacks Holland-Death
of Turenne-Peace of Minequar-Revocation of the Edict of Nantes-
Louis continues the War in Germany-Peace of Ryswick--Spanish Succes-
sion-Prince Eugene--War with England--Marlborough-Battle of Blenheim
-Gibraltar taken by the English--Battle of Ramillies-Louis' Schemes in
favor of the Stuarts- Successors of the Allies-Battle of Malplaquet--Hu-
miliation of Louis-Battle of Villa Vitiosa restores Philip to the Throne of
Spain-Peace of Utrecht, 1713-Peace of Radstadt-Constitution of France
under the Monarchy 453
CHAPTER XXXV.
PETER THE GREAT, Czar of MUSCOVY, AND. CHARLES XII. OF SWEDEN:
-Origin of the Russian Empire-Siberia conquered-Rapid extension in Asia
-Peter the Great-Forms the first small Body of regular Troops-Equips a
Fleet-Travels in Search of Knowledge-Returns to Russia-His vast Inno-
vations-Charles XII. of Sweden-Confederacy against-Defeats the Russians
in the Battle of Narva-Invades Poland-Takes Warsaw and Cracow-Places
Stanislaus on the Throne-Invades the Ukraine-Is defeated at Pultowa---
Taken Prisoner by the Turks-Returns to his Dominions-Killed at Freder-
ickshal--Character-Peter the Great puts his Son to Death-Death of Peter-
Internal Improvements of his Empire
CHAPTER XXXVI.
473
VIEW of the PROGRESS of SCIENCE and LITERATURE in EUROPE, from the
END of the FIFTEENTH to the END of the SEVENTEENTH CENTURY :—
Progress of Philosophy-Lord Bacon-Experimental Philosophy-Descartes
--Galileo-Kepler-Logarithms-Circulation of the Blood-Royal Society of
London Instituted-Sir Isaac Newton-Locke-Progress of Literature-Epic
Poetry-Ariosto - Tasso Milton Lyric Poetry- Drama - English and
French-History
485