bog a dark, red appearance, as though a fire had run over it; hence the name fire worm. Having reached maturity, they spin up among the leaves on the vine or on the ground. After remaining ten or thirteen days in the pupa state, the moths hatch out and deposit their eggs on the leaves. This second brood hatches out in five or six days; it is this brood that is most destructive. They reach maturity for the most part, and go into the chrysalis state, before the 20th of July, but may be found on the vines up to September. The second brood of moths appears in July and August, and lay the eggs which hatch the following spring. The only sure way to destroy them is to cover the bog with water for twenty-four hours."

"The moth is of a dark ash color, with small yellowish brown bands on the fore wings, alternating with white narrow bands. The apex of the wing is dark brown.

THE YELLOW CRANBERRY WORM, Tortrix Vacciniivorana, Packard, is very destructive to the

vines in New Jersey. It is of a pale, honey yellow color; and the moth has yellow wings, mottled with deep ochreous spots. It expands half an

inch.

FIG. 18. CHRYSALIS OF
YELLOW CRANBER
RY WORM.

FIG. 19. RED
STRIPED CRAN-
BERRY WORM.

Hair line, natural size. THE RED STRIPED CRANBERRY WORM is seen on the vines at the east about the last of September. It draws the leaves together by a few threads and eats off the parenchyma from the upper side; sometimes it spins a tube of silk between two leaves. The worms are less than half an inch in length, long and slender, pale green, with six longitudinal, pale reddish, broken, irregular lines. The parent is as yet unknown.

THE FRUIT WORM. "The fruit worm is a small caterpillar, belonging to the same family as the leaf rollers. The first segment

behind the head is rather large and square, and the body is less hairy, than the leaf eating species. The first eggs are laid in the berry soon after it is set, and from that time on, working through the season. The first signs of its presence is the premature reddening of the berries. Most of the worms attain full size before the first of September, but have been found even in the winter. When mature the caterpillar enters the ground and spins a cocoon within a few inches of the surface, where it remains all winter; this cocoon is usually covered with grains of sand and resembles a lump of earth. The parent of the caterpillar is not known." CRANBERRY GALL FLY.-This two-winged gall fly lays its eggs on the vines, from which are hatched out pink colored_maggots, which raise tumors on the leaves. Its habits are yet unknown.

FIG. 20.

CRANBERRY

GALL FLY.

CRANBERRY BUD WEEVIL. Anthonomus suturalis. - The weevil is a very small, reddish brown beetle, with a snout

which is half as long as its FIG. 21. CRANbody. The elbowed antennæ BERRY BUD WEEare inserted just beyond the

VIL.

middle; the head is darker than the body, being brownish black. The pro thorax is a little darker than the wing covers, and covered sparsely with short, whitish hairs. The "scutellum" at the base of the wing covers is white. It is a line in length including beak. This weevil lays its eggs in the buds of the cranberry; it selects a bud not quite ready to open, works its snout deep into the center, and then deposits the egg in the hole made; going back to the stem it cuts it off just below the bud, which falls to the ground and decays; a dull, whitish worm hatches out and feeds on the bud. Having attained its growth, it changes to the pupa state, and the perfect beetle eats its way out from the bud. This brood of beetles may be found on the vines soon after the blossoms have disappeared. As they are never seen on marshes flooded in the winter, it is thought that water will hold them in check.

THE ONION FLY, Anthomyia ceparum, is a native of Europe, and has been known in this country for about forty years. The following notes are mainly taken from Prof. Packard's entomclogical reports: The fly is of an ashy-gray color, with a silvery colored head. It some resembles the common house fly, but is smaller and slenderer. The two sexes are readily distinguished from each other by their eyes; those of the male being closer together and so large as almost to occupy the whole surface of the head, while in the female they are widely separated. The species is particularly distinguished by having a row of black spots along the middle of the abdomen, sometimes running into each other 11-HOR. Soc.

and forming a continuous line. The female is usually larger than the male and has this line of dark spots much less distinctly

FIG. 22. IMPORTED ONION FLY AND MAGGOT.

a, Natural size.

marked. In June, as soon as the onions are an inch or two in length, these flies deposit the eggs on the slender stalks near the surface of the ground, or at the base of the lower leaf, and sometimes on the earth near the stalk. Usually from two to six of these eggs are

placed on particular plants, here and there through the bed. These eggs are white, smooth, oval in form and perceptible to the eye. They soon hatch, and the maggots work their way down along the stalk or inside the sheath of the leaf to the root, on which they feed until it is wholly consumed. Having devoured the bulb of one plant, they attack the next and so on, eating holes through the side into the center of the bulbs. The first evidence of their presence is seen in the leaves turning yellow and wilting, and on digging up the bulb, it will be found to be nothing but a shell. Worms of different ages are often found working in the same plant. They pass the pupa state in the bulb, or in the filthy, slimy mud, caused by their exudations near it. There are a number of broods during the season. The flies may be seen in beds infested with them throughout the whole season up to the last of August, and worms of all stages of growth, belonging to the different broods are to be found at all times. The last brood passes the winter in the pupa state.

The remedies used are mainly of the preventive order. Early planting is regarded as being beneficial, as it gives the plants a strong growth before the worms make their attacks. It is also claimed that by planting the seed two or two and a half inches deep, much loss will be averted, as the little maggots will not readily find their way to the bulbs. Good seed planted at this depth will germinate, but it is not safe to cover deeper, and at this depth, it is advisable to sow more freely, as some may not start. It has been recommended to plant onions in hills between other vegetables, so as to prevent the worms from passing from one plant to another, and thus deprive them of sufficient nourishment to secure their full development. As the pouring of boiling water on the young plants, just after the first brood of eggs has been deposited, has been recommended by those who have waged war with this pest, doubtless the common application of arsenic water or Paris green and water, would result in the destruction of many of them.

All infested plants should be dug up and destroyed. Frequent and late fall plowing of the old beds will doubtless prove destructive to the larvæ left in the ground. Where the old bed has been infested, some relief will be obtained by selecting a new site, as far removed from the old one as possible.

NATIVE ONION FLY, Ortalis flexa. The fly of this species differs from the European in color, being black, and in having three oblique, white stripes on each wing. The maggot is more slender, less conical, with a blunter head. Prof. Shimer, of Illinois, thus describes it, as first observed at the west: "In the latter part of June I first observed this maggot among the onions here; the top dead, tuber rotten, and maggots in the decayed substance. From them I bred the fly, after passing about two weeks in the pupa state. The flies were noticed in the garden at the same time. Their fa

FIG. 22. NATIVE ONION FLY AND WORM.

vorite roosting place was a row of asparagus alongside of the onion bed, where they are easily captured from daylight to sunrise, while it is cool and wet. During the day, they are scattered over the ground and on the leaves and stalks of the onions and are not easily captured. Their wings point obliquely backward, outward and upward, with an irregular jerking, fan like movement; flight not very rapid or prolonged. Two broods appear in the season. Habits and remedies the same as with the European species.

THE ONION THRIP, Limothrips tritici. - This insect is described by Fitch as the wheat thrip; attacking the heads of wheat and clover when in bloom, and causing them to wither and blast. An insect similar to it is also known in Europe as preying on the wheat plant. In this country, especially at the east, they have proved very troublesome in the beds of onions, often destroying whole fields. They are very prolific, especially in hot, dry weather. What the hop louse is to the hop, and the aphis to the apple tree, such is this insect to the onion field. When left unchecked and the conditions are favorable, they seem to swarm in myriads and soon exhaust the vitality of the infested plants by devouring the outer surface of the leaves. These thrips are minute, narrow bodied insects, seldom exceeding a line, or a twelfth of an inch in length. The males are wingless; the wings of the female are long and narrow and beautifully fringed, and when folded back do not conceal the bodies beneath. They are

exceedingly active in their movements, running and jumping like fleas. The female is of a greenish yellow color, with a smooth, shining body, usually about 0.04 of an inch in length. The male resembles the larva in form, but can be distinguished from it by its double jointed foot, and seven joints in the antennæ, instead of four. Its length is 0.08 of an inch.

I

I

I

FIG. 24. ONION THRIP.

a, male; b, larva; c, female; d, antenna.

The same remedies may be used as for other insects destroying the foliage of plants, viz.: sprinkling with arsenic water hellebore, air slacked lime, sulphur, strong soap suds and copperas water, using a pound of copperas to ten gallons of water. The destruction of the plants that are infested, when they first make their appearance in the season will also effectually hold them in check.