33. A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called a declarative sentence. The sentence "John is coming," makes a statement.

34. The sentence "Is John coming?" asks a question. It is called, therefore, a questioning or interrogative sen

tence.

Notice the difference between the two sentences in each of the following pairs:

Stating or Declarative Sentence. Questioning or Interrogative Sen

a. Turn into interrogative sentences the declarative sentences given in Exercise 28, b, and the following :—

Baby woke. Uncle has come. School has begun. Monkeys climb. Cocks crow. Cats fight. Charlie grows. Fishes swim. Adders sting.

Richard came.

b. Turn the following interrogative sentences into declara

tive sentences:

Is Harry sliding? Has aunt called? Did Mrs. Brown send? Will father wait? Is day breaking? Did snow fall? Do horses neigh? Do oxen low? Did Jane hear? Should scholars learn?

35. In order to find the Subject and the Predicate of an interrogative sentence, turn it into a declarative sentence; thus:

Question.-Is Fred expected?
Statement.-Fred is expected.

Verb-is expected. Who is expected ?—Fred.

Subject-Fred.

Exercise 32.

Pick out the Subjects and the Predicates of the sentences in Exercise 31, b, and the following:

Are you attending? Did you hear? Was he sleeping? Is she pleased? Had night begun? Has spring come? Is mother returning ? Was Susan knitting? Will Mr. Robinson sing? Has Frank started ?

36. In telling or asking a person to do a thing, we do not often mention his name; we say, for instance, "Come," or "Do come." We mean, "You come," "Do you come,'

but the you is left out, or understood.

Sometimes in poetry and in old English the understood word is thou, or ye.

37. A sentence expressing a command or a request is called an imperative' sentence. We state the Subject and the Predicate of an imperative sentence thus :—

You is put in brackets to show that it is understood.

Exercise 33.

State the Subjects and the Predicates of the following imperative sentences:

Go. Listen. Attend. Obey me. Run quickly. Stop. Halt at once. Remember this. Be ready. Do help. Do come. Come ye to the waters. Do thou likewise. Come all. Come thou Fount of every blessing.

Exercise 34.

Write out the Subjects and the Predicates of the sentences found in Exercises 23, 25, and 26.

1 From the Latin imperare (p.p. imperatus), to command.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

38. It would be tiresome to repeat a Noun again and again when speaking of any person or thing. It would not sound well, for instance, to say "Edward bought a book; Edward gave the book to Edward's sister; when Edward gave the book to Edward's sister, the sister thanked Edward." It would sound much better to say "Edward bought a book; he gave it to his sister; when he gave it to her, she thanked him."

Pick out the words which are used instead of Nouns, and say for what Noun each is used.

Jack has a new watch; he often looks at it. Edith plucked a pretty rose and gave it to her mother. Ethel has seen Tom; she met him in the park. Those dogs are well trained; they obey their master when he speaks to them. Mr. Smith spoke to the boys as they were returning from their playground with their bats. The children said that the pony was theirs, but Edward said that it was his, while Jenny said that it was hers. The lads may play when they have done their work. The servant has gone for bread; she will be back with it soon. The master praised the girl because she wrote well. The reapers did not like their dinner; they complained that it was badly cooked. Fred read the stories because The found them interesting. The home of a snail is its shell; the home of a bird is its nest.

Exercise 36.

Put other words for the Nouns where possible.

William has broken William's slate. The boys have lost the boys' ball. Jane has dressed Jane's doll; the doll looks pretty now. Francis has gone home because Francis heard that Francis's father wanted Francis. The watchmaker mended the watch; the watchmaker found that the watch wanted a new spring. James has three pencils in James's hand; the pencils are James's. The mother will let the mother's children play in the garden for a time; when the children's bed is ready the mother will call the children. When the jug fell the jug's handle was broken. Mr. Freeman's brother is like Mr. Freeman. People cannot visit the museum to-day; the museum is closed.

39. If Mr. Smith were speaking to Mr. Brown he would not say, "Mr. Smith is looking for Mr. Smith's overcoat and Mr. Brown is looking for Mr. Brown's umbrella; Mr. Smith hopes that Mr. Smith and Mr. Brown will soon find Mr. Smith's and Mr. Brown's things." He would say "I am looking for my overcoat, and you are looking for your umbrella; I hope that we shall soon find our things."

Similarly,

Instead of saying

1

There is Mr. Smith's; will Mr.
Brown hand it to Mr. Smith?
And here is Mr. Brown's; now let
Mr. Smith and Mr. Brown go.

Mr. Smith would say

There is mine; will you hand it to me?

And here is yours; now let us go.

40. The person speaking does not use his own name, but says I, my, mine, me. When speaking of himself and others, he says we, our, ours, us.

Instead of the name of the person to whom he is speaking, he says you, your, yours. Formerly ye was also used. Formerly, too, the person speaking used sometimes to say (as certain people sometimes say now) thou, thy, thine, thee, to the person spoken to.

1 See "Notes for Teachers," p. 323, Note 24.

Exercise 37.

Pick out the words used instead of the names of the persons speaking or of the persons spoken to.

I am going to school. You are a good boy. Have you seen your brother to-day? I met my sister in the town. I like my new book; do you like yours? My mother gave me a bat; ask yours to give you a ball. The apple is mine. We shall see our parents soon. We had a letter from our uncle. Our aunt is going to send us a pony. Tom lives near us. When do your holidays begin? Ours begin next week. Nathan said unto David, "Thou art the man." Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? Where is thy father? Why shouldest thou die before thy time? The book is thine. I saw thee there. That thy trust may be in the Lord I have made known to thee this day.

41. In speaking of James, Mary, or the dog, we do not say "James hurt James," "Mary hurt Mary," Mary hurt Mary," "The dog hurt the dog." We say instead "James hurt himself," Mary hurt herself," "The dog hurt itself."

Similarly, we use instead of names or Nouns the words myself, thyself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, themselves.'

Exercise 38.

Pick out the words used instead of names or Nouns.

I

The boy got himself ready for school. The girl bought herself a new dress. The children made themselves late. We enjoyed ourselves. gave myself a treat. The monkey saw itself in the glass. The plate did not break itself. The ladies dressed themselves in their best clothes.

You can trust yourself to his care. You should have more faith in yourself. A selfish person loves himself too much. The travelers found themselves far from any house.

42. The words we have been picking out in these exercises are called Personal Pronouns. There are other kinds of Pronouns, which we shall learn about later.

1 See "Notes for Teachers," p. 319, Note 5.