Except his letters and speeches, I know not that Cromwell has bequeathed to posterity any literary production. A sermon, indeed, which bears his name, has appeared in print; but whether it be authentic, and was published with his consent, are points which cannot now be established. Dr. Grey, in his notes to Hudibras, states that he had the Protector's sermon in his possession, the title of which was "Cromwell's learned, devout, and conscientious exercise, held at Sir Peter Temple's in Lincoln's-Innfields, upon Romans xiii. 1." It admits of no doubt, however, that he frequently preached, and took great pleasure in that part of his military duty; and, accordingly, when an article was inserted in the Petition and Advice against "public preachers being members of parliament," he expressly opposed it:

all but the teachings of the natural man-was not the way to make them ministers of Christ; for the languages began at Babel; and to the Greeks that spoke Greek as their mother tongue, the cross of Christ was foolishness; and to the Jews that spake Hebrew as their mother tongue, Christ was a stumbling-block. And as for the Romans, who had the Latin and Italian, they persecuted the Christians; and Pilate, one of the Roman governors, set Hebrew, Greek, and Latin a-top of Christ THE WORD, when they crucified him. And John the Divine, who preached the word that was in the beginning, said, that the beast and the whore have power over tongues and languages, and they are as waters. Thus I told him he might see the beast and the whore have power over the tongues and the many languages, which are in mystery Babylon, for they began at Babel; and the persecutors of Christ Jesus set them over Him, when he was crucified by them. But he has risen over them all, who was before them all. Now (said I to this man) dost thou think to make ministers of Christ by these natural confused languages, which sprang from Babel, are admired in Babylon, and set a-top of Christ, the Life, by a persecutor? Oh no! So the man confest to many of these things.' Then we showed him farther, That Christ made ministers himself, and gave gifts unto them, and bid them pray to the Lord of the harvest to send forth labourers. And Peter and John, though unlearned and ignorant (as to school learning), preached before Christ Jesus the WORD, which was in the beginning before Babel was. Paul also was made an apostle, not of man, nor by man, neither received he the gospel from man, but from Jesus Christ, who is the same now, and so is his gospel, as it was that day.' When we had thus discoursed with the man he became very loving and tender, and after he had considered further of it, he never set up his college."-From G. Fox his Journal, folio, p. 281, anno 1657.

250

LIFE OF OLIVER CROMWELL.

stating that he himself "was one, and diverse officers of the army, by whom much good had been done." By giving money, therefore, he conferred upon science and education the only patronage that an illiterate ruler can bestow.

In conclusion, it may be remarked, that the life of Cromwell holds forth many lessons of practical wisdom to all orders of men. Rulers may learn from it, that the oldest and most firmly established governments cannot resist the united voice of the people, whensoever they are taught to believe that their rights are withheld, or that undue burdens are laid upon their shoulders. The community may perceive from the various events which compose it, that the dissolution of civil authority almost inevitably leads to the triumph of armed force, and that the advocates of speculative freedom seldom fail to become the instruments or victims of arbitrary power. Finally, the adventurer cannot but be convinced, by the rise of Oliver, and the precarious position in which, after all his labours, he found himself placed, that no degree of violence can long suppress the original attachments of a great nation, or scatter the elements which constituted the primitive forms of their society.

NOTICE.

THE first two articles in the Appendix did not come into my possession until after the first volume was printed. They respect the invasion of Scotland by Cromwell in the year 1648, and are important, as they tend to illustrate his military character, and the excellent discipline which he kept up in his army. They have not heretofore been published. The reader is indebted for them to the politeness of Mr. Macdonald, of the General Register House of Scotland, where the original letters are deposited.

The "Grant" of 2001. per annum to the University of Edinburgh, dated at Hampton Court, in July, 1658, is a copy of the original MS., which is to be found in the same depository. The document is interesting, not only on account of its object, but more especially as it shows that Oliver, in his latter days, considered himself Protector of the three kingdoms "by the grace of God." I am not aware that this paper has ever before been printed. It was written about six weeks prior to the death of Cromwell.

For a copy of the Deed conferring a similar donation on the University of Glasgow by Charles the First, but which was actually paid by the Protector, I am under an obligation to the Rev. erend Doctor Lee, whose knowledge of Scottish history and antiquities has contributed so much to the elucidation of our national annals in church and state.

Another original document appears in the letter by General Monk to the sheriff of Renfrewshire, announcing the death of the Lord Protector. This the reader owes to the kind condescension of the Scottish Society of Antiquaries, who are in possession of the autograph, and who allowed it to be copied for this Life of Oliver Cromwell.

The information respecting the residence and first rise of our hero, alluded to at page 17 of the first volume, was politely furnished to me by Mr. Carruthers of Inverness.

There is in the Appendix an extract from a very rare work, published at Leith in 1653, and entitled "The Survey of Policy

or a Free Vindication of the Commonwealth of England against Salmasius and other Royalists, by Peter English, a Friend to Freedom." The main object of the quotation is to show that, in the time of Cromwell, an expectation or dread of the Second Advent mixed in all speculations on civil government and general politics. In other respects, too, the tract is extremely curious.

LEITH, Nov. 1829.

NOTES.

For the Right Honble the Committee of Estates for the Kingdome of Scotland, These:

RIGHT HONOBLE,

BEING vpon my approach to the borders of the kingdome of Scotland, I thought fitt to acquaint you of the reason thereof. It's well knowne how iniuriously the kingdome of England was lately invaded by the armye vnder Duke Hamilton, contrary to the covenant and our leagues of amity; and against all the engagemts of loue and brotherhood between the two nations; and notwithstanding the pretence of your late declaration, publish'd to tak with the people of this kingdome. The Commons of England, in parliamt assembled, declared the said armie soe entring as enemyes to the kingdome, and those of England who should adhere to them as traytors. And having receiued commands to march wth a considerable part of their army to oppose soe greate a violation of faith and iustice, what a witness (God being appealed too) hath borne vpon the engagemt of the two armyes against the vnrighteousness of man, not onely yourselves, but this kingdome, yea, and a greate part of the knowne world, will, I trust, acknowledge how dangerous a thing it is to wage an vniust warre, much more to appeale to God, the righteous judge therein; wee trust hee will perswade you better by this manifest token of his displeasure, least his hand be stretched out yet more against you, and your poore people alsoe, if they wilbe deceiued. That which I am to demand of you is the restitution of the garrisone of Barwick and Carlile into my hands for the vse of the parliamt and kingdome of England. If you deny me herein, I must make our appeale to God, and call vpon him for assistance in what way hee shall direct vs; wherein wee are, and shalbe, soe farr from seeking the harme of the wel' affected people of the kingdome of Scotland, that wee profess (as before the Lord) that what difference an army necessitated in an hostile way to recover the auncient rights and inheritance of the VOL. II.-Y