teenth Century, 98, 99; awakening of France to public life, 99, 100; Cousin's patriotic passion, 100; his loss deeply felt at the Académie, ib.; Cousin among his friends, 100, 101; his place in the future, 102.

rwin's theory examined, 149, et seq.

atch Political Novel, 171; Dutch colonies in India, ib. ; their government, 172; sensation caused by the appearance of Max Havelaar in the Netherlands, 173; its author, 173, 174; Mr. Stubbles and Multatuli, 174, 175; Dutch rule in Java, ib.; the hero of the book, 176; his account of the getting up of official reports, 177; Havelaar sets about reform, 178; the story of Saïdjah, 178180; the novel suppressed, 181; see Java.

ducation in Scotland-Report of Royal Commission, 268; constitution of Commission, 269; mode of conducting the inquiry, and results, 269, 270; religious denominations of scholars, 270; conscience clause in Scotland, 271; quality of school-buildings and teaching, 271, 272; school system of Scotland and its defects, 273, 274; defects of Privy Council system, 274; problem to be solved, ib.; chief objects to be attained in a National system of education, 275; new Board of Education and its duties, 276, 277; jurisdiction of Board and of Committee of Council, 277; various classes of National Schools, 277, 278; non-parochial schools, 278; Episcopalian and Roman Catholic schools, 279; Adopted schools and effect of Adoption, 279, 280; presbyterial examinations, 280; Bible and Catechism, 281; conversion of Adopted into National Schools, 281, 282.

acetiæ connexion between reason and ridicule, 204; laughable failures, 204, 205; the Irish bull, 205; stories from the so-called Hierocles, 205, 206; specimens from a French collection of Bêtises, 206; Dundrearyism, 207; use of fine or peculiar words by the ignorant-the anticlimax, 208; exaggeration, ib.; examples of the ludicrous in retort, evasion, etc., 209-211; the Minister and the Cuddie, 211; absurdities of weaklings and fools, 211, 212; wit not necessarily comic, 212.

amine in Bengal in 1866: failure of the harvest of December 1865, 129; measures adopted to meet the coming trial, 130; the poor Bengali in seasons of plenty, ib.; rise in price of rice early in 1866, 131; estimate of the number of persons whose earnings were insufficient to carry them through the famine, ib.; the demand for labour, 132; efforts of capitalists to mitigate the famine, ib.; the Princes of Burdwan, of Bishenpore, and of Beerbhoom, 132, 133; railway enterprise in India conducted with English capital, 133, 134; efforts of the Government 134; ultimate failure of the scheme for increasing the wagefund, 134, 185; and consequent necessity for a system of public charity, 135; efforts of private charity, 136; the different stand-points from which the Hindu and the Englishman view charity, 137; Government relief operations, 138, 139; the three classes requiring relief, 139; anxiety among the people in June-speculations of the devout Hindus, 140; the rains at last, 141; revival of the demand for agricultural labour, ib.; analogy be tween former famines and that of 1866, 141, 142; outbreak of fever and cholera, 143; difficulties in the administration of relief, 143, 144; conspicuous effects of the scarcity on the people at large, 144; increase of crime, and development of a

slave-trade, during the famine, 144, 145; mortality resulting, 145; progress of education in 1866, 146; the lesson of the scarcity, 147.

Java, island of, 171; its population, and government, 172; Dutch residents and native regents, ib.; forced and free labour, 172, 173; M. Douwes Dekker, ex-Assistant Resident of Lebak, and his novel, 'Max Havelaar,' 173, 174; position of the Javanese in respect to the mothercountry, 175; incomes of native princes, 176; official reports to the home government, 177; the colonial question, 180, 181; M. Thorbecke, an eminent Dutch statesman, 181; appointment of M. Myer to be Governor-General of the Colonies, ib.; difficulties in the government of Dutch colonies, 182; scarcity of European settlers, ib.

Journalism in France; see Prévost-Paradol.

Leibnitz, 95, 97.

Northern Poetry (Old), character of the, 58; its present interest, ib. ; its relation to Christianity, 59; has little in common with classical literature, 60; passion, ib. ; points of resemblance between the Northern and the Oriental poetry, 60, 61; Indian mythology, and Persian and Arabian poetry, 61, 62; classical myths, 62; the twilight of the gods, 63;-the Eddas: the mythic-religious songs, 64-68; the mythic-heroic songs, 6873; the Sagas: the Drapas or Skaldic songs, 73; (the heathen skalds, 74-82; the Christian skalds, 82-84;) the sagas in prose, 84-87.

Origin of Species, 149; argument for the Darwinian theory, 149, 150; the reasoning examined, 150;-extent of variability required by it, ib.; natural selection, and man's selection, 150, 151; illustrations showing that there is a limit to the variation of species for all cases of man's selection, 151, 152; is the law of variation different when the variation occurs slowly? 152; the tendency to revert, 152-154, the efficiency of natural selection examined, 154; common variation: improvement of existing organs versus creation of new organs, 154, 155; sports considered, 155, 156; offspring of sports, 156, 157; summary of arguments as to the efficiency of natural selection, 157, 158;-lapse of time, 158; geological evidence, ib.; perpetual motion, 159; doctrine of conservation of energy, 160-162; the age of the inhabited world proved to have been limited to a period quite inconsistent with Darwin's views, 163, 164;-difficulty of classification, 164; transmutation of species, ib.; analogous difficulties of classification, 164, 165; what expectations we might naturally form, a priori, as to the probable ease or difficulty in classifying plants and animals, 165, 166; difficulties in classifying man's contrivances, 166, 167; summary of argument on this head, 167, 168; observed facts supposed to support Darwin's views, 168; peculiarities of distribution, ib.; correlation of growth, 169; peculiarities of geographical distribution, 170; conclusions, 170, 171. Oxford University extension: the inquiry into the Universities in 1852 and its results, 119; desire for University extension, 120; cost of an Oxford education, 121; desirableness of a change in the present system, ib. ; recent movement to consider the question of extension, and what led to it, 122; Oxford expenses, 122, 123; undesirableness of endowments for the poor, 123, 124; proposition to relax the statute which requires

residence within the gates, 124; Oxford discipline, 125, 126; necessity for experiment, 126; the Balliol scheme, and its reception by the Council, ib.; necessity of reform in the constitution of the University, 127; benefits of extension, 127, 128; Parliament and Academical reform, 129.

Oyster-Fisheries of the United Kingdom, 102; oyster-shells in the shell-mounds of Denmark, and in geological strata, 103; oysters among the Greeks and Romans, 103, 104; natural history, 105; culture among the French, 105, 106; results of the Hayling Island experiments, 107; oyster-beds on the west coast of Ireland, ib.; failure of the spat, 108; laws regulating oysterfisheries, 108; results of their operation, 109112; account of the fishery of the Whitstable Company, 112, 113; beds on the south coast of England, 113, and in Scotland, 114; arguments for and against a close-time in the open grounds, 114, 115; formation of private beds encouraged by the Royal Commission, 115, 116; result of the Commissioners' inquiry, 116; enemies of the oyster, 117, 118; flavour, 118; American oysters, ib.; the London costermongers, 119; the Pandore oyster, ib.

Prévost-Paradol, M., 260; journalism in France, ib.; reception-day at the Academy, 261; he becomes a political writer, ib. ; contrast between the English and the French press, 262; the art of 'flexibility,' ib.; the English love of full and accurate news, 263; Frenchmen's opinions on foreign politics, 263, 264; party and national feeling in our newspapers, 264; anonymous writing, 265; the French law of signatures, ib.; an election scene described by Prévost-Paradol, 266; dialogue on the Roman question, 267; death of the Courrier du Dimanche, ib.; his rank as a literary and philosophical critic, 267,

268.

Report of Royal Commission on Education in Scotland, 268-282.

Sharp, Archbishop,-various views of his character, 213; contemporary estimate of him, 213, 214; authorities as to his character, 214, 215; charged with designing against Presby terianism in Scotland, 215-217; the Lauderdale Papers, 217; Sharp's birth and education, ib.; chosen Regent in St. Leonard's College, St. Andrews, 218; fracas with Sinclair, 219; scandalous story, 219, 220; appointment to Crail, ib.; Factions in the Church of Scotland, 221; the

'Engagement' and 'Act of Classes,' 221, 222; dissensions among the Covenanters, 222; Resolutioners and Protesters, 223, 224; defends Resolutioners before Cromwell, 225, 226; success of his mission, 226; letter to Drummond, 226, 227; his mission to London in 1660, 227; characteristics of his letters to Douglas, 227, 228; the Royal letter of August, 1660, 228, 229; Sharp's letters to Drummond in that year, 229-233; Restoration Parliament in Scotland, 234; Sharp's sermons before Parliament, 235; further letters to Drummond, 236-242; concluding estimate, 243.

Trades-Unions, the policy of, 1; early attempts to adjust the relation between workmen and their employers, — legislative measures, 1, 2; the Combination Laws, 2; progress of trades-societies since their repeal, 3; expansion of trades unions, 3, 4; extent of debateable ground, 4 trade combinations a great fact, 5; their avowe object, ib.; an inevitable result of the polic their object suggests, 6; conditions of labou contended for, ib.;-I. Artificial restrictions on the labour market versus free trade in labour 7-II. Examination of these restrictions,—are they justifiable do they tend to secure the end for which they are designed? 8; the claim for standard rates of wages, ib., and for limiting the hours of labour, 8, 9; alleged diminution of demand for manual labour, 9; the argument against piece-work, 10; the number of apprentices, 11; coercion of non-unionists, 12; opposition to the introduction of new machinery, 13; an artificial scarcity of labour supposed to be maintained by these restrictions: this an interference with the natural order of things, 14; impolicy of this, 14, 15; the profits of capitalists, 15; difficulties of employers, 16; effect of an increase of prices, 16, 17; industry and enterprise paralysed by the policy of stinting labour artificially in order to enhance its market value, 17;-III. The bearing of trades-unions on the position of employers, 18; the question of authority, ib. ; independence of workmen ib.; tyrannical conduct on the part of masters, 19; feeling prevalent among employers as to the proceedings of trades-unions, 20; bearing of the recent policy of trades-unions on the stability of our industry, 21, and on the higher interests of workmen, 22; legitimate function of trades-unions, 23; Sheffield conference of tradedelegates, ib.; remedies for prevailing evils: courts of conciliation, co-operation, 24; importance of promoting a spirit of sympathy and mutual regard, 24, 25.

till 1813, had gone fore. Meanwhile the industry of Great Britain was beginning to assume another form. The bodies of workmen working together were often becoming much larger, and the opportunities of combination to defeat the law and advance their interests increased in a corresponding ratio. The Legislature, ever ready to apply its specific, passed Act upon Act, prohibiting all agreements or associations of workmen for the purpose of advancing wages, or controlling their masters in the management and regulation of their business; and empowered the magistrate to convict summarily, and punish with imprisonment for two or three months, any workman who should take part in them.'

into disuse long be

It cannot be denied that in the whole course of this legislation against 'combinations the sympathies of the Legislature were for the most part with employers; and the fact must be borne in mind, when attention is turned to the excesses and follies that have accompanied the assertion of their rights by workmen in these recent years of new-found freedom. As Adam Smith shrewdly remarks: 'Whenever the Legislature attempted to regulate the differences between masters and workmen, its counsellors were always the masters.' Combinations on the part of masters, the same writer remarks, were authorized, or at least not prohibited by law; it was the combinations of workmen only that fell under its lash. Against workmen convictions of breaking the law were taking place constantly; but there is no record of any conviction against an employer. We know how difficult it is to get rid of traditional feelings, even when the occasion for them has disappeared. For nearly five hundred years, with but little interruption, a traditional sense of hard usage, in respect of their relation to their employers, had been working into the soul of the labouring class. To eradicate that feeling it would be reasonable, we apprehend, to allot a period not less than the three generations said to be required for purifying the blood.

No law can have much effect which is not backed by the general conscience of the community; and for want of such backing the Combination Laws' were often disregarded. And it must be confessed the temptation to do so was sometimes very great. In the year 1786, for example, the bookbinders of London, whose day of work was from six in the morning to eight at night, applied to four of the masters for a diminution of one hour; the application was followed by the discharge of the men and

the apprehension of their leaders, and by a criminal prosecution. Most of the masters combined against the men, and the booksellers backed the masters; but other masters were more favourable, including King George II., who had a bookbinder's shop in the then Buckingham Palace, for keeping in repair the royal library at St. James's, and who was the first to grant the hour. About the same time, the Sheffield cutlers had a strike against the 'extortionate practice' of making thirteen knives to the dozen. An employer who had made himself obnoxious by enforcing this vexatious violation of Cocker, was lampooned in doggrel, characterized by the usual combination of bad rhyme, rough humour, and bitter feeling, especially as regarded the use to be made of the thirteenth knife :

'Then may the odd knife his great carcass
dissect,

Lay open his vitals for men to inspect;
A heart full as black as the infernal gulf,
In that greedy, blood-sucking, bone-
scraping wolf.'

At the commencement of the century strikes were common in almost every trade, and the Legislature made a vehement effort in 1800 to extinguish them completely by one other stringent enactment. The attempt was not only a complete failure, but its results showed that such enactments only stimulated the evil they were meant to cure. At last, a Committee of the House of Commons, of which Mr. Hume was chairman, having reported, in 1824, against the Combination Laws, measures were passed repealing them in that and the subsequent year. The immediate effect of the repeal was to give a great impulse to strikes, and the policy of re-enacting the exploded law was seriously considered in 1825. But milder counsels prevailed. In 1838, when an inquiry into the effects of the repeal was made by a committee of the House of Commons, it was reported that its bearing on the conduct of strikes had been on the whole beneficial. There was not so much violence as formerly, and the union men were pronounced by the majority of masters to be the most highly skilled of the operatives, and the most respectable in the trade. Since that time there is a very general concurrence of testimony, to the effect that strikes have been conducted with less of barbarous violence, with an increasing measure of outward self-restraint. No doubt cases of violence do still occur, and the brutal endeavour to blow up the house of the knife-grinder Fearnyhough, at Sheffield, a few months ago, looks as if matters were