sence I shall this night appear, bless thee | half-lifted Knut Vonved's right hand till now and for evermore!" Indescribably solemn and thrilling was the manner in which he uttered these words. "Thou wilt save him?" "I will. Fear not, my child. Thy husband shall be saved." Knut Vonved spake with the calm inspiration of a dying prophet-king. He then gave precise orders to Veit Pedersen to search in an old chest in a recess behind the tapestry, and in a few minutes a wrought-iron casket was produced, and from it the mysterious whale's tooth was taken and delivered to Amalia. Again Knut Vonved spake : 66 My eyes will never behold the dawn of a morrow on earth. I must see him now-see him ere I die." Amalia was fain to comply with the desire so touchingly expressed. Sergeant Jetsmark was sent for Wilhelm, whom he quickly brought into the presence of his great-grandsire. Long and silently did Knut Vonved gaze at his descendant, and to the full as steadily was his yearning gaze returned by the most princely child. "Such as thou art, once was I, well nigh a century ago!" murmured Knut Vonved. "Our race has not degenerated." it rested on Wilhelm's head, and then, with awful fervor, the patriarch pronounced a blessing on the child. A solemn pause ensued, broken by the voice of Knut Vonved, and Amalia was struck by the wondrous, unearthly radiance which now overspread his countenance. "Thy mother has taught thee to pray?" said he to the yet kneeling boy. "Yes; I say my prayers night and morning." "Thou knowest our Lord's prayer?" "Yes." "Let me hear thee." Wilhelm immediately clasped his little hands, and still fixedly meeting the beaming gaze of Knut Vonved, he commenced in a clear modulated voice the thrice hallowed prayer: "Fader vor du som er i Himlene! helliget vorde die navn, tilkomme dit Rige, skele din villie som i Himmelen saa og paa Jorden_9 99 A cry from his mother interrupted the child in the middle of the prayer. Knut Vonved's hand inertly slipped from Wilhelm's head-his eyes closed in death. Thus passed away a once mighty man --one of the bravest, the noblest, the best, of the illustrious race which sprung from the loins of Valdemar the Great. The last sight that Knut Vonved saw on earth was the bright young face of The speaker made a feeble movement, Wilhelm-the last sound he heard was and Amalia anticipating his intention, the voice of the child uttering the Lord's caused her boy to kneel, and half-guided, Prayer. Recent writers on matters Italian have naturally formed themselves into two antagonistic camps. On one side we have the Wisemans and the Maguires, in whose In the present enthralling interest felt I will, we hope, throw new and valuable for the future of Italy, with rumors rife light on the much-vexed question.* of war, and armed intervention to prevent the free movements of the nations that are preparing the last struggle for civil and religious liberty, we need hardly apologize to our readers for introducing them to a new work by an intelligent German traveler, passages from which *Rom und Neapel. Von Theodor Mundt. Berlin: Otto Janke. were demanded by a despot in the name of human justice and liberty, were intended to should pour out in heavier floods than ever. form the breach through which revolution For Louis Napoleon's Italian policy could only be based on revolution, just as during the honeymoon of the revolution he had rested with equal deception on the conservative and absolutistic principle, and thus offered himself as a safetyanchor to all the enemies of liberty in northern Europe. Hence the Emperor would have greatly desired the new movement to commence with Rome, as the revolution must be most powerful then, and spread from this point unceasingly north and south." eyes the Pope can do no wrong, and who | to which the Pope would not listen, and which appear to suffer from a suppressio veri, even if we do not wish to go so far as to insinuate a suggestio falsi. These gentry, as in duty bound, give us the most glowing accounts of the present state of Rome, and the happiness of living under the gentle sway of a pontiff so mild, so amiable, and so conscientious as Pio Nono. On the other side, we have a preponderating list of authors, with M. Edmond About as their leader, who, by stern facts, seek to enlist our sympathies for a down-trodden people, and bring an incontestable weight of evidence to prove that the temporal authority of the Pope is the true cause of Italian misery. The former class of writers, we fancy, includes all those who allow others to judge for them; the latter is composed of persons who have a habit of judging for themselves. To the latter belongs the author whose work we have now under consideration. He has France, however, has never had, since the Empire, any influence in Rome, and the presence of her bayonets was more than counterbalanced by Austrian intrigue. Just prior to the outbreak of the war, then, Louis Napoleon hit upon another clever scheme: his ambassador at Rome would undertake the management approached his task conscientiously, and of the civil government, while his general collected a large amount of facts, which already held all the military authority. he lays before his readers, allowing them In this way, Rome would have been conto judge for themselves as to the real verted into a French province, while Pio state of Rome and Naples, two countries Nono would attend exclusively to spiritu which have so long been held in subjec- al affairs. The idea was a clever one, but tion by bayonets, but whose emancipation seems close at hand. The detestation felt by Europe, however, at the barbarities of the Neapolitan court, and the efforts made by England and France to introduce necessary reforms, bave led in great measure to the corruption that existed in Rome being overlooked. France alone was urgent in demanding reforms from Pio Nono, although M. Mundt explains Louis Napoleon's motives in a very different way from that usually accepted: "Reform was the Damocles' sword which Louis Napoleon suspended over the brow of the holy father. The Italian reforms which were to emanate from Italy were a new bait of the Napoleonic government, which the Emperor threw out with the certainty of catching many fish. Even though the cruel and murderous prisons of Rome did not contain behind their thick walls men more wretched than did Cayenne and Lambessa, whither the new Emperor sent his dangerous subjects to perish from the pestilential climate and swamp fevers, still Louis Napoleon recognized a great danger for civilization' if Rome did not yield the reforms he ordered. He was well aware that he would thus produce again that Italian revolution which had already dethroned the Pope, but the Italian revolution under the protectorate of the new Napoleonic empire seemed to him a glorious snare. The reforms, it was foiled by Austria working through Cardinal Antonelli. The character of this extraordinary man has rarely been drawn so graphically as in the following extract: "The Romans ascribe all the evils, old and new, under which they suffer to Cardinal Antonelli. The perfectly illegal condition in which the States of the Church now are, is the handiwork of Antonelli, for, instead of removing old Not only all justice, but every liberty, the Roabuses, he has continually added new and worse. mans further complain, has been trodden under foot by Antonelli. Misery and wretchedness have increased in the nation. Instead of public education only public ignorance is fostered, and Rome has sunk most shamefully in the arts and sciences which formerly invested it with a halo. All this Antonelli alone has done, the brown man with the wild aquiline nose, and the wolf's teeth that project menacingly from his mouth. He who is to blame for all this will soon occasion the overthrow of Rome. It is true that Antonelli could have let the question of reform fall through quietly, but he confessed openly and told every body that the prosperity of Rome did not depend on reform. Antonelli was in reality a very modest man: he did not wish to be distinguished by any thing new, he only wanted the old absolutism in which Rome became great and powerful, and he did not unite with it the slightest hypocrisy of liberty with which absolutistic statesmen are so fond of adorning themselves. He never told the Ro 1860.] factors ?" ROME AND NAPLES. mans that he would make them free and happy. | hush up any criminality on the part of the He pursues calmly and noiselessly the policy favored class. Latterly, however, the that every thing must remain as it was, and priest has lost much of his influence over that a nation is the happiest when sunk in the the lower classes of Roman society. The most degrading ignorance. It caused the most surprise that a practical man like Antonelli robbers have lost their respect for them, should allow the Roman code to remain on the and have quite a fancy for stealing from In fact, the bandits, who have atold footing, for that is the most striking abuse them. of the papal administration. But how could it tained quite a status in society, have now be expected that he who had left his friends and constituted a separate power against the relations behind in the forests of Terracina Church and the laws. They are wellshould attempt to punish criminals, and free known persons, settled in their native vilsociety from murderers, thieves, and other male- lages, and generally respected; they live on the best terms with their neighbors, perhaps join the parish priest in buying a few lottery tickets; in a word, they would be most excellent fellows if they did not suffer from a mania for stopping the mailcart at night. Fancy a country in Europe where the mail had to be protected by an escort of gendarmes and dragoons, and that was the case prior to the annexation between Bologna, Ferrara, and Ravenna. But many places in and around Rome are just as dangerous as the highways in the Legations. The nocturnal robberies are quite common, and not so long ago a party of English were plundered to their shirts within the walls of the Coliseum. cup The state of the prisons in Rome is fearful, and the Paliano at Rome may be even compared unfavorably with the prison at Visiti, where Poerio once languished. The inmates have neither table nor chair, not even the slightest article of furniture that can promote their comfort. Their food consists of a soup made of rancid bacon and oil, two loaves of black bread, each weighing nine ounces, and a disgusting beverage which is honored with the name of wine. They have only a tin in which to wash in the and a pan, morning and eat at night. The cells, in which several prisoners are placed together, are so narrow that if one of them wishes to take exercise the others must lie down. The drinking-water is drawn from the neighboring dirty ditches, and filled with all sorts of abominations. Instead of windows there are holes, covered with coarse canvas, which does not keep out cold or draught, however, and hence the prisoners are never free from toothache, rheumatism, and all sorts of maladies. As a refinement of cruelty, Antonelli actually ordered one hundred common criminals to be sent down from Fort Urbano, and distributed among the political détenus. M. About has already told us sufficiently of the miserable state of cultivation in the Papal States, and the crass ignorance of the people, but M. Mundt ascribes them both to the priesthood, and the power it holds over the family ties. Stories of criminal padres form a permanent background of Italian life. The popular fancy is constantly excited by such stories, which, with their tendency to exaggeration, they often make worse than they Yet, heaven knows! the really are. priests are bad enough, and the revelations made in Turin have sufficiently taught us what must be the state of affairs in Rome, where every effort is made to All this, however, is regarded by the native population in a different way from what the stranger, who does not possess the felicity of living under the crosier, would be disposed to accept. The Italians actually complain of the barbarity of the Austrians, who, during the occupation, shot down every bandit they caught A bandit is just as in flagrante delicto. much a member of civil society as a priest or an employé, for they all rob with equal pertinacity. In what did the rape of little Mortara differ, after all, from the robbery of the mail-bags? An Italian robber, even when locked up in prison, enjoys a great popularity in the country, and his name is constantly repeated as that of a In his prison he most meritorious man. receives visitors from near and far, and people flock in to express their admiration and sympathy for the man who is martyr to the law. Such a man is the celebrated bandit Galafredo, who has been for a long time confined in the fortress of Civita Vecchia, where his family were compelled to share his imprisonment. He receives all travelers who send in their names to him, and he does so in the full feeling of his value and dignity, for Galafredo is. vain. He has in his day committed a series of atrocities which rendered him the terror of the highways and forests, the models, who stand in grotesque but was at length compelled to surrender groups before the great steps of the to the Papal government. He is still a Piazza di Spagna, and offer their serfine-looking fellow, wearing a red velvet vices to passing artists. jacket, adorned with all sorts of finery, while his family are in rags. He spends nearly all his visitors give him on dress, and his eyes flash with delight when any one says of him: "Galafredo looks like a king!" His great popularity may be ascribed, however, to the way in which he performed his achievements. He never assailed the poor, but practiced his devices exclusively on the rich. Galafredo declared that he never killed any one who did not offer him open resistance. On the other hand, he murdered every priest he came across, and this is a tragic feature which stands out from his life history; while, on the other hand, it proves that the elements of clericality and robbery are nearly always in contact in Italy. Galafredo loved in his youth a girl, but, at the same time, suspected her of a liaison with a priest. He watched him, and one fine day stabbed him to the heart, as he was kissing the girl. Thereupon Galafredo fled to the mountains, and began to carry on the only trade now left him. Galafredo had originally been toothdrawer in his village, and gained a great and widely-extended reputation in that profession. This renown almost rivaled his new character as bandit, although he soon made himself greatly respected in the latter character. Never had so many priests been found murdered on the highway, and yet, when it was known that Galafredo was in the neighborhood, any body suffering from toothache was delighted to send for him. Galafredo would descend from the mountain with perfect equanimity, pull out the offending tooth, and receive his fee, no one having a thought to stop him on such an occasion. Even the gendarmes did not interfere with him when they found him peaceably carrying on his vocation in the village: a terrible but true image of modern Italy! The bandit in Italy is almost as general as the priest. If he be not a dentist like Master Galafredo, he takes to some reputable trade, or temporarily accepts a government office, chiefly at the customhouse, for he never wants powerful protectors. There are times when business 'is dull on the highway, or the bandit has a longing for an existence free from care. He may then be frequently found among It would be unjust to say that Antonelli, who has introduced into Rome a magnificent system of domestic espionage on the model of the Russian, had nct turned his attention to the improvement of the city-police. Unfortunately, they have hitherto only taken under their fostering wing the crinoline of the ladies, which the wicked boys made sad fun of in their songs. Through this very protection, however, Antonelli has fallen into sad disgrace with the Jesuits, who are the sworn foes of those mysterious combinations of whalebone and steel. One of the most celebrated preachers in Rome made a very clever attack upon it, by saying that it did not suit the Roman ladies, for it concealed their graceful and wellrounded forms. They carry their hatred, indeed, so far, that they have been seen in the streets blessing the boys who sing the wicked songs. M. Mundt throws a new light upon the Napoleonic intrigues in Rome by the description he gives of young Prince Lucien, who is at the present moment chamberlain and private secretary to Pio Nono, and would have been a cardinal long since, were it not for his youth. He is seriously regarded in Rome as the future pope, for it is undoubted that Louis Napoleon entertains the idea most favorably. In such a case the Catholic world would hail with delight the termination of the long lasting struggle between Guelph and Ghibelline. The views, however, which Louis Napoleon entertains about the papacy are still in a very significant reserve. At times it seems as if, even in the case that he is compelled to effect a regeneration of Italy, he will attempt to keep the chair of St. Peter upright. "But," as M. Mundt justly says, "we can not feel certain of this, for it is the peculiarity of the Napoleonic policy always to do exactly the contrary of that which appeared probable, and what has been most solemnly promised." If, however, on the decease of that "sick man," Pio Nono, Prince Lucien were really elevated to the tiara, all possible arrangements between papacy and imperialism could be carried out in the most charming way. En attendant. the prince works hard on behalf of the French party at Rome, and will doubt lessly have fully earned the papal triple ing such vacillating conduct as he has crown, if ever it be placed on his done during the past year. It is possible head. even that the readiness with which he has conceded such points as the annexation of the Romagnas may have emanated from this fear of the Jesuit Carbonari. He has tried to be all things with all men, and has most signally failed in Rome before all other places. The Pope will not surrender his rights, or impeach his infallibility by allowing the possibility of reform. Under such circumstances, the only chance for reform will be found in secularization, and whether the Pope fly to Spain, or accept the proposed residence at Jerusalem, the sooner the better, if we wish to hear the last of this odious Italian question. M. Mundt goes into full details about the Roman revolution of 1849, as the results of personal observation, and gives us a very interesting account of Garibaldi, whom he calls "a general of insurgents, compounded of limited brains and fantastic hero courage." In another passage he says of him, that he possesses a fine expressive head, which, however, evinces more bravery and daring than intelligence, and is the true type of a captain of adventurers, standing in a most peculiar way between the scamp and the hero. What he tells us, however, of the Orsini attentat appears to us so novel that we can not but quote it: "It appears now certain that Louis Napoleon, during his residence in Rome in 1830, or when he was quite a young man, was admitted among the Carbonari, and took the oath to live or die for the cause of the Italian revolution. Louis Napoleon knew that those who were faithless to this oath must die the death of a traitor. It was this knowledge which forced Louis Napoleon into the campaign with Austria in the spring of 1859. This decision was doubtlessly ripened by the letter Orsini wrote him shortly before his execution. He warned him in it to give up his past policy, and form some grand design for the cause of national independence, for in that way alone he would avert the fate thousands of Italian patriots menaced him with. In the summer of 1858, an Italian emigrant, dining at the Palais Royal, with Prince Napoleon, confirmed the statements made in Orsini's letter. After the information this man gave Prince Napoleon, the Emperor granted him a secret interview, and learned from him that two thousand daggers were prepared for his death in Italy, and that one after the other would incessantly attack him. On the Emperor's anxious question how this could be best prevented, Orsini's words were repeated to him, that this was only possible by a war for the independence and liberty of Italy. The Emperor demanded precise intelligence ere he acted, and the emigrant proceeded to Italy, bringing back with him documents which did not allow the slightest doubt. He was, however, assured that a delay of eighteen months would be granted him: so long would the Italian patriots wait patiently, and turn their daggers from his breast. Such a length of time, however, was not required, for the Emperor turned his attention seriously to the war, and managed so cleverly that some people actually believed that Austria had forced hostilities upon him." Naples has been concisely described as "un paradiso abitato da diavoli," and those diavoli, according to M. Mundt, are the lazzaroni, for in a state like Naples The other the plebs is best off of all. classes can not vie with him in comfort, security, and delight, in existence, for in a tyranny a man must belong to the plebs, or else he is badly off. In Naples, moreover, the lowest class of the population is characteristic, lively, and peculiar, and remains strong and fresh, both physically and mentally. This can be easily comprehended, for such a monarchy is supported on the shoulders of the plebs, and has strengthened itself by this wide basis. Brute force, working at the head of a state, meets with the same sentiments and strength in the depths, and hence tyranny often establishes a more secure and permanent government than any other form can guarantee. Hence it is only in states like Naples that we can speak of the masses as a special class. At the head of them stands the lazzarone, (a peculiar name derived by some people from the Lazarus of the New Testament,) the only free man a tyranny has produced and permitted. A man who wants no house and no shelter, for he sleeps under Naples' ever-gracious sky-a philosopher who lives the whole day through on a little fruit and cold water, and contrives to earn more than he needs to cover his wants sworn foe to luxury, who wanders about a the streets half naked--the lazzarone leads at once the life of the savage, the sage, and the patriot. We can hardly venture to blame a form of government in which Under such circumstances, it was not such men form the main stratum of socisurprising to find Louis Napoleon display-ety, and which is supported by patriots |