APPENDIX.

ABSTRACT and CONCRETE. An abstract term signifies an attribute, without referring to the subject in which it may be found. A concrete term denotes both the attribute and the subject, Poverty, pride, roundness, smoothness, quantity, are abstract terms. Poor, proud, round, gentleman, are concrete terms. In the sentence from which the reference is made, poverty and pride are used instead of poor and proud persons.

AFRICA. Palm, or date trees, banian, and sandal wood, abound in this country.

ALEPPO, a city in Syria, containing 250,000 inhabitants, possessed by the Turks.

ALLEGORY, the representation of some person or thing by another that resembles it, and that is made to stand for it. It may be called a continued metaphor, since, like that, it is founded on resemblance. It is not often used; and not so often by modern writers, as by those of the preceding ages.

ALLITERATION, a succession of words, commencing with the same letter; as, "puffs, powders, patches.”

AMERICAN ARMY, the army that fought the battles of our revolution, and gave us the blessings of civil and religious freedom. But few, who were in this army, are now living: and of this few the greater part are poor and destitute.

ANGLE, a corner, formed usually by the meeting of two lines. The circumference of every circle is supposed to be divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees. A semi-circle, of course, contains 180 degress, and a quadrant, or quarter of a circle, contains 90 degrees. Now, if you draw two diameters to a circle, dividing it into quadrants, you will see that these diameters form four equal angles at the centre of the circle. Then, erasing one half of each diameter, one of the four angles will remain. This angle, it will be perceived, is formed by two lines, meeting at the centre, and including or embracing one fourth part of the circumference. Hence, because the two lines, which form the angle at the centre, include such a portion of

the circumference as contains 90 degrees, the angle itself is said to contain 90 degrees, or to be an angle of 90 degrees. If, now, a line be drawn from the centre to the circumference, exactly in the middle between the other two lines, it will divide the angle of 90 degrees into two equal parts, or, in other words, into two angles of 45 degrees each. In like manner, an angle may contain any number of degrees whatever, less than 180, according to the portion of the circumference included between the two lines which form the angle; the angle being situated, or supposed to be situated, at the centre of a circle. Thus, it will be seen, that the four angles of a square contain 90 degrees each; and that, if a figure be made with three angles only, two of these will always contain less than 90 degrees each, and the other may contain either 90 degrees, or a number of degrees either greater or less than 90.

A figure with three angles, is called a triangle. An angle of 90 degrees, is called a right angle. An angle of more than 90 degrees, is called an obtuse angle. An angle of less than 90 degrees, is called an acute angle.

Let the instructer illustrate the preceding by numerous examples, and let the scholar make, on his slate or on paper, all the various angles and figures that are mentioned.

ANTITHESIS, a figure, by which things, very different or contrary, are contrasted or placed together, that they may mutually set off, and illustrate each other.

BLACK COLOR. This color is the warmest only in warm weather; and the reason is, that heat passes through it directly. But in light colors the rays of heat are reflected, or turned back; so that light colored garments are both coolest in summer and warmest in winter.

BOTHWELL, the third husband of Mary of Scotland, but not allowed the title of king. He, with Mary, was accused of being accessary to the murder of Darnley, her second husband. About one month after his marriage, he was compelled to leave Mary, and was finally driven from Scotland; and, having subsisted awhile by piracy, was at length carried prisoner to Norway, where he died a most miserable death.

BRAIN. The brain is considered the seat of intellect, and the heart the seat of the affections: Hence brain is often used for reason, and heart for affections.

CESAR. Julius Cæsar, the first Emperor of Rome, distinguished for his ambition, courage and success. He subdued all his enemies, and greatly enlarged the boundaries of the Roman Empire. At the summit of his greatness, after he had been chosen perpetual Dictator, he was murdered in the Senate house, by those who had been his most intimate friends.

CLARKSON, a distinguished philanthropist, one, who took a leading part in the abolition of the Slave Trade, and of Slavery in Great Britain; and a member of the society of Friends.

COMPARISON. It is expressing in form the resemblance between two objects. It differs from a metaphor, in being pursued more fully, and introduced by the words, like, so, or, as. It is not so strong as a metaphor; and therefore not so much used in impassioned speaking and writing. It is introduced for the purpose of illustration, or ornament, or of giving force to the literal meaning. A metaphor may be called an abridged comparison. It is used when a speaker or writer becomes animated; and for the same purpose as a comparison. When it is said of a great minister, "that he upholds the state, like a pillar which supports the weight of a whole edifice," a comparison is used: But when it is said of him, "that he is a pillar of the state," a metaphor is used.

COMPASS, an instrument by which the cardinal points, viz. North, South, East and West, can always be determined. It serves to direct the course of a ship on the ocean, and a traveller in the wilderness. Without it, it would be dangerous to venture upon the pathless waters, or into the untrodden desert.

DARNLEY, a young Scottish nobleman, who gained the affections of Mary, after she returned from France; married her, and was declared king. He soon lost the favor of his mistress; and was finally murdered in a most cruel manner. See Bothwell.

DEMOSTHENES, a famous orator of Athens, oflow origin, and destitute of all natural talents for public speaking. He overcame all these impediments, and became so renowned a speaker, that Cicero, his only rival among the ancients, called him the "Prince of Orators" He was placed at the head of the Athenian Government, and by his eloquence saved it from the power of its most bitter enemy, Philip of Macedon. As a soldier, Demosthenes was without courage, and as a patriot, he was not beyond the influence of bribes. When Antipater and Craterus, Macedonian generals, being successful in their attacks on Athens; ordered the orator to be delivered up, Demosthenes took a dose of poison, which he he always carried with him, and expired in the 60th year of his age, B. C. 322.Athens was the most celebrated of all the Grecian cities, for its antiquity, its love of liberty, its learned men, and its public edifices.

ELIZABETH, daughter of Henry VIII. and queen of England, illustrious for the length, splendor, and prosperity of her reign. Her treatment of Mary is a blemish on her character, which all her virtues cannot remove.

EURYSTHEUS, a king of Argos and Mycenæ, to whose will

Hercules was doomed by Jupiter, to be subservient. This right Eurystheus cruelly exercised, by imposing on Hercules the most dangerous enterprises, known by the name of his twelve labors.

FABLE, a writing, in which thought and speech are ascribed to inferior animals and to inanimate objects.

FAULCONBRIDGE, a sea-captain who spent part of his life in the Slave Trade; but afterwards repented of his crimes, and became zealously engaged in the abolition of this traffic, and rendered great assistance to Clarkson.

FRANKLIN, Benjamin, born in Boston, Jan. 17, 1705, where he learnt the trade of a printer. By his industry and frugality, he soon became learned, respectable and wealthy. He was an ardent friend to his country; and by his talents and influence, exerted both at home and in Europe, he greatly contributed to the obtaining and securing of our independence. As a philosopher he was second to none. He discovered electricity to be the same with lightning; and the use of lightning rods for the security of buildings.

Huss, John, a zealous reformer from popery, who lived in Bohemia towards the close of the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries. He was bold and persevering, but at length trusting himself to the deceitful Catholics, he was by them brought to trial, condemned as a heretic, and burnt at the stake.

HYPERBOLE. This figure of speech consists in magnifying an object beyond its natural bounds. In all languages, even in common conversation, hyperbolical expressions very frequently occur; as swift as the wind, as white as the snow, and the like; and the common forms of compliment are almost all of them extravagant hyperboles. "Rolled from the very skies," is a hyperbole the meaning in plain language, is, rolled from a great height.

JOHNSON, Dr. a celebrated scholar, critic and moralist. He was at the head of English Literature during the last half of the last century; and his dictionary and other numerous writings are standards in our language.

LEONIDAS, the Spartan, a celebrated king of Lacedæmon, who at the head of 300 Spartans, opposed Xerxes with his numerous army, at the pass of Thermopylæ, for three days successively, nntil the treacherous Ephialtes conducted a detachment of Persians by a secret path up the mountains, which suddenly fell upon the rear of the Spartans and cut them to pieces. Temples were raised to the fallen hero, Leonidas, and festivals yearly celebrated, at Sparta, in which free-born youths contended.

LINNEUS, a celebrated Swedish Naturalist, who first made Botany a science; and distinguished also in other branches of Natural History. His example and his writings, more than those of any other individual, have made the study of plants and minerals an object worthy of the attention of the scholar. Linnean, a word frequently used in natural science, is derived from his name.

LUTHER, a great Reformer from popery, at first a Benedictive monk. He lived toward the close of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries. To him, more than to any other man, since the apostles, is religion indebted for its purity and freedom.

MAHOMET, the most successful of Impostors, who arose towards the beginning of the seventh century. By sagacity and perseverance, he influenced the Arabians to embrace his religion, which is a mixture of truth and falsehood: It acknowledges the God of the Bible, and Jesus Christ to be a prophet, but believes Mahomet to be superior to Christ: and promises to those who will be faithful in defending and propagating its doctrines, a heaven of sensual delights. When Mahomet obtained followers enough to render himself formidable, he ravaged, Persia, Egypt, Syria and many other countries in the Fast: putting to death those who would not embrace his religion. A large part of Asia and Africa are still enslaved to his doctrines.

MARATHON, a village of Attica, ten miles from Athens famous for the victory which 10,000 Athenians and 1,000 Plateans, under the command of Miltiades, gained over the Persian army, consisting of 300,000, under the command of Datis and Artaphernes. In the battle according to Herodotus, the Athenians lost only 192 men, while the Persians lost 6,300.

MARY of Scotland. She married the Dauphin, the eldest son of the king of France: soon after her marriage, her husband died; and then she returned to her native land.

METAPHOR. When a word is applied to an object, to which it is not usually applied, it is called a metaphor, or implied comparison; as, What are the sorrows of the young? Their growing minds soon close above the wound. See comparison.

MILETUS, a son of Appollo, who fled from Crete, and came to Caria where he built a town which he called by his own name. He also founded a celebrated town of his own name in Asia Minor, which gave birth to many distinguished men, and was famous for an oracle of Apollo, and for its excellent wool.

MUSES, certain fabled goddesses who presided over poetry, music, dancing, and all the liberal arts. They are nine in nun