Of the Nature and State of Man, with respect to the Universe.

Of Man, in the abstract-That we can judge only with regard to our own system, being ignorant of the relations of systems and things, 17-66. That man is not to be deemed imperfect, but a being suited to his place and rank in the creation, agreeable to the general order of things, and conformable to ends and relations to him unknown, 69, &c. That it is partly upon his ignorance of future events, and partly upon the hope of a future state, that all his happiness in the present depends, 77, &c. The pride of aiming at more knowledge, and pretending to more perfection, the cause of man's error and misery. The impiety of putting himself in the place of God, and judging of the fitness or unfitness, perfection or imperfection, justice or injustice, of his dispensations, 113-122. The absurdity of conceiting himself the final cause of the creation, or expecting that perfection in the moral world which is not in the natural, 123-172. The unreasonableness of his complaints against providence, while on the one hand he demands the perfections of the angels, on the other the bodily qualifications of the brutes, 173. That to possess any of the sensitive faculties in a higher degree, would render him miserable, 179-206. That throughout the whole visible world, an universal order and gradation in the sensual and mental faculties is observed, which causes a subordination of creature to creature, and of all creatures to man. The grudations of sense, instinct, thought, reflection, reason; that reason alone countervails all the other faculties, 207-232. How much farther this order and subordination of living creatures may extend above and below us; were any part of which broken, not that part only, but the whole connected creation must be destroyed. The extravagance, madness, and pride, of such a desire, 239 -258. The consequence of all, the absolute submission due to providence, both as to our present and future state, 281.

732

AWAKE, my ST. JOHN! leave all meaner things To low ambition, and the pride of kings: Let us (since life can little more supply Than just to look about us, and to die) Expatiate free o'er all this scene of man, A mighty maze! but not without a plan : A wild, where weeds and flowers promiscuous shoot; Or garden, tempting with forbidden fruit, Together let us beat this ample field, Try what the open, what the covert yield; The latent tracts, the giddy heights, explore, Of all who blindly creep, or sightless soar; Eye nature's walks, shoot folly as it flies, And catch the manners living as they rise. Laugh where we must, be candid where we can,

15

But vindicate the ways of God to man.
I. Say first, of God above, or man below,

What can we reason, but from what we know?

Of man, what see we but his station here,

From which to reason, or to which refer?

20

Thro' worlds unnumber'd though the God be known,

'Tis ours to trace him only in our own.

He, who through vast immensity can pierce,

See worlds on worlds compose one universe,
Observe how system into system runs,

25

What other planets circle other suns,
What varied being peoples every star,

May tell why heaven has made us as we are.

But of this frame, the bearings and the ties,
The strong connexions, nice dependencies,
Gradations just, has thy pervading soul

30

Look'd through? Or can a part contain the whole?
Is the great chain that draws all to agree,

And drawn supports, upheld by God, or thee?

11. Presumptuous man! the reason wouldst thou find, Why form'd so weak, so little, and so blind? First, if thou canst, the harder reason guess, Why form'd no weaker, blinder, and no less? Ask of thy mother earth, why oaks are made Taller or stronger than the weeds they shade? Or ask of yonder argent fields above, Why Jove's satellites are less than Jove. Of systems possible, if 'tis confest,

40

10

That wisdom infinite must form the best,
Where all must fall or not coherent be,
And all that rises, rise in due degree;
Then, in the scale of reasoning life 'tis plain,
There must be, somewhere, such a rank as man :
And all the question (wrangle e'er so long)
Is only this, if God has placed him wrong?
Respecting man, whatever wrong we call,
May, must be right, as relative to all.

In human works, though labored on with pain,
A thousand movements scarce one purpose gain:
In God's one single can its end produce,
Yet serves to second too some other use.
So man, who here, seems principal alone,

Perhaps acts second to some sphere unknown, Touches some wheel or verges to some goal: 'Tis but a part we see, and not a whole.

60

When the proud steed shall know why men restrains

His fiery course, or drives him o'er the plains;

When the dull ox, why now he breaks the clod,
Now wears a garland, an Egyptian god;
Then shall man's pride and dullness comprehend
His actions', passions', being's use and end;
Why doing, suffering, check'd, impell'd;
This hour a slave, the next a deity.

and why

65

Then say not man's imperfect, heav'n in fault :

Say rather, man's as perfect as he ought:

70

His knowledge measur'd to his state and place,

His time a moment, and a point his space.

If to be perfect in a certain sphere,

What matter, soon or late, or here or there?
The blest to-day is as completely so,

75

As who began a thousand years ago.

III. Heav'n from all creatures hides the book of fate,

All but the page prescrib'd, their present state;

From brutes what men, from men what spirits know :

Or who could suffer being here below?

80

The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day,

Had he thy reason, would he skip and play?
Pleas'd to the last, he crops the flowry food,
And licks the hand just rais'd to shed his blood.
Oh blindness to the future! kindly given,
That each may fill the circle mark'd by heaven,

1*

85

Who sees with equal eye, as God of all,
A hero perish, or a sparrow fall,

Atoms or systems into ruin hurl'd,

And now a bubble burst, and now a world.

Wait the great teacher, Death; and God adore:

Hope humbly then; with trembling pinions soar;

What future bliss, he gives not thee to know,
But gives that hope to be thy blessing now.
Hope springs eternal in the human breast:
Man never is, but always TO BE BLEST:
The soul, uneasy, and confined from home,
Rests and expatiates on a life to come.

Lo, the poor Indian! whose untutor'd mind
Sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind;
His soul, proud science never taught to stray
Far as the solar walk, or milky way;
Yet simple nature to his hope has given

90

95

100

But thinks, admitted to that equal sky,

He asks no angel's wing, no seraph's fire;

No fiends torment, no Christians thirst for gold.
TO BE, contents his natural desire,

Behind the cloud-topp'd hill, an humbler heaven,
Some safer world, in depth of woods embrac'd,
Some happier island in the watery waste,
Where slaves once more their native land behold,

His faithful dog shall bear him company.

IV. Go, wiser thou! and in thy scale of sense

115

Weigh thy opinion against providence :
Call imperfection, what thou fanciest such,
Say, here he gives too little, there too much :
Destroy all creatures for thy sport or gust,
Yet say, if man's unhappy, God's unjust:
If man alone engross not heaven's high care,
Alone made perfect here, immortal there;
Snatch from his hand the balance and the rod,
Rejudge his justice, be the God of God.
In pride, in reasoning pride, our error lies;
All quit the sphere, and rush into the skies.
Pride still is aiming at the blest abodes,

120

Aspiring to be angels, men rebel :

Men would be angels, angels would be gods.
Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell,

125

And who but wishes to invert the laws