nearly the whole, of the extra profits resulting to him from being in Bond Street, because any other tobacconist, or any other tradesman, might be counted on to use that site to equal advantage; but he cannot mulct the second of our tobacconists to the same extent, because the extra profits in this case are due to exceptional ability; and if the landlord were to reject this tenant for refusing to yield them up, he could not count on another tenant who would have them to yield. And this leads us to another consideration. We have seen thus far that by the occupancy of building sites, in a progressing community, two rents are yielded, both of which are increasing the ground rent, and the rent of ability; and that, from the very nature of the case, it is impossible for the former to swallow up the latter in the way required by the current economic theory. It is possible, however, that in certain cases the ground landlord may be able to appropriate more than his due share. He may be able to exact from a man, or from a firm, more than the true rent of the site, and to extort a part of what is the rent of the tenant's ability. This may happen. I do not say that it does not happen; but what I do say is this, that if it does happen, and if Radicals fix upon it as a grievance, it is a grievance totally distinct from the general increment of rent, and lends no color whatever to the fantastic assertion that rent is becoming a larger proportion of the gross national wealth, or that the increment of rent differs in any essential way from the increment in value to which every kind of investment, and almost every kind of possession, in a progressing community, is liable. Whether it is a tenable proposition, or whether it is an absurd proposition, that unearned increments of every kind should be taxed to their full amount, and thus appropriated by the community, I have no space to discuss here. It is enough to say that it is a proposition which, when once its extent is apprehended, neither Mr. Morley nor Mr. Labouchere, nor any of our trading and financial Radicals, will entertain for a single moment. It is almost easier to conceive of this world as a paradise, of the English winter as tolerable, of an Irish agitator as accurate, or of the worship of humanity as rational, than to conceive of it as a place in which Mr. Labouchere should consent to hand to the tax-collector the whole of his profits every time he enjoys a successful operation in "Berthas." W. H. MALLOCK. ON the evening of Sunday, April 8, 1888, the Europeans at Bangala Station were seated at dinner, when one of the Haoussa sentries by the river came in and reported that he had heard some people in canoes talking Swahili; but, as it was too dark to see anything, he could not tell whether there was one canoe or fifty. As no news had come from Stanley Falls for nearly a year, and the force which was to have been sent up to Tippoo Tip had been delayed by various circumstances, we conjectured that the latter had despatched the canoes to make inquiries about it. Following the chief of the station down to the beach, I saw, looming through the darkness, two huge canoes lashed together, slowly approaching the bank. The first man to step ashore was Mr. Herbert Ward, who had passed up river a year ago in the Stanley with the last detachment of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, and whom I then supposed to be either at Wadelai or on his way thence to the east coast. In answer to my hurried inquiries, I learned that no news had been received from Stanley, except the vague reports of deserters from his caravan; that Major Barttelot and his company were still at the camp on the Aruhwimi Rapids, where Stanley had left them, and where they were living principally on manioc and beans; and that Tippoo Tip, after making various excuses for the nonarrival of the promised six hundred carriers, had gone to Kassongo in November, 1887. As he had not returned by the following January, Major Barttelot had sent Mr. Jamieson to hurry his movements, and the latter was still absent when Mr. Ward left the Aruhwimi. The Stanley had left Bangala on the morning of the eighth, and Mr. Ward started early on the following morning, in order if possible to overtake her at Equator, where she was to stop and take in wood. He had come from the Arab settlement at the mouth of the Lomami (with thirty-five Zanzibaris, in two canoes lashed together) in five and a half days; and pursuing his journey in a smaller canoe, manned by twenty Bangalas, reached Equator in less than twenty-two hours, arriving an hour or two before the departure of the Stanley. He thus performed the entire journey between the Lomami and Equator (a distance of over five hundred miles) in six and a half days. This journey could not have been made in less time by any of the steamers then on the Upper Congo, which were forced to stop every night to cut wood; whereas Mr. Ward took no rest, but travelled day and night, with the exception of a stay of less than ten hours at Bangala, so that the tidings which had left the Aruhwimi on April 2d were known in England by the 1st of May. The thirty-five Zanzibaris before mentioned remained for the present at Bangala the commissaire de district promising to take them back in the A.I.A.* Owing to a trip I had to take to Equator on busi ness connected with the station, and the preparations necessary for the run to Stanley Falls, our departure was delayed till April 24th when the A.I.A. left Bangala with Mr. Van Kerckhoven and myself, the thirty-five Zanzibaris, and her own crew of fifteen men, on board. The poor little steamer, having a whale-boat lashed on one side of her, and a large canoe on the other, and carrying some fifty loads (sixty to sixty-five pounds each) of stores, had hard work to make headway against the current, which, as the river was at the height of its spring rise, was very strong. Beyond two or three brushes with war like natives, nothing worth mentioning occurred during the next few days; and on May 6th, we reached the mouth of the Aruhwimi, and turned up that stream, in order to reach Yambuya, where Major Barttelot was encamped. The scenery of the Aruhwimi is finer than that of any of the tributaries of the Congo I have seen. As we steamed up it, the banks gradually increased in height, and the red and yellow sandstone, and patches of white quartz sand showing here and there between the foliage which covered the steep bluffs, gave a variety to the prospect which is wanting to the country between this and Bangala. This river has a very tortuous course, and in several places makes huge bends, with high bluffs on the outer or concave bank, and a lower forest-covered bank on the other side. The numerous islands constitute another beautiful feature. I noticed large clearings, with young banana-plants growing plentifully all about, which led me to conclude that villages had once stood there. A little higher up, we came to the site of a village recently destroyed by fire, and learnt that marauding parties of Manyemas, sent out by the Arabs, had been down the river. Next day, approaching the bend of the • Association Internationale Africaine, steam-launch. river, where we expected to find the town of Yambumba described by Stanley as truly metropolitan-I noticed that the bluff where he saw it in 1883 was completely bare of huts, only a few bananaplants remaining. The Arabs had burned the whole place, and the natives had removed to the low bank opposite, where they were dragging out a wretched existence, having for houses only a sort of palmleaf awning, supported on four sticks; while a detachment of Manyemas, left by the Arabs to keep them in subjection, kept them also in fear of their lives. After leaving this place, we found that the river had a straighter course, though fairly choked with sandbanks, which gave us much trouble. It was not long before we passed the last island, and arrived, about 5 P.M., at a settlement of Manyemas, with two or three Arabs living among them. These Arabs are called by the natives Tamba-Tamba-a word whose meaning I have been unable to ascertain; while a white man is called Tooc-a-Tooc-a, in imitation of the noise made by the waste steam escaping up the funnels of the steam-launches. As Tippoo Tip had been made governor of Stanley Falls, we stopped about half an hour with these Arabs, and heard from them that Major Barttelot and his companions were all right, and that we should reach the camp at noon the next day. Steaming on for about an hour, we then made our camp-as fuel was running short-opposite a bank formed by the base of a line of hills which sloped down nearly to the water's edge, covered with magnificent trees. It was not the height or foliage of these trees which struck me, so much as their beautifully straight and even trunks - nearly every one running up without a branch to a height of forty or fifty feet, with a diameter of from three to four. The taper was so slight, that the diameter just below the branches was nearly the same as that near the ground; and their smoothness and regularity reminded one of the stately temple columns of Luxor or Karnak. Next morning (8th May), at about 9 A.M., coming in sight of what looked like a brown patch among the bush, on the top of a height four or five miles away, we were informed by some of the Zanzibaris that it was Major Barttelot's camp; and a few minutes later, the sight of the rapids beyond it convinced us that we had reached our goal. As we approached, the brown patch resolved itself into a strong palisade on the top of a nearly perpendic ular bluff some fifty feet high. A few na tives, hugging the bank in little dug outs, were the only living beings visible, and I could see no means of scaling the cliff, unless we went up monkey-fashion. We were now within three hundred yards, and could make out a hut or two behind the palisade; so I seized the handle of the steam-whistle, and gave a long blast, which had the effect of bringing out a crowd of dark figures through some invisible opening, and presently two Europeans were discerned coming down a zigzag path to the water's edge. These proved to be Major Barttelot and Mr. Bonny, both of whom appeared in very good health, considering the food they had been living on for the last few months. Not seeing Mr. Troup, I concluded that he was still at Stanley Falls, whither Mr. Ward had told me he was gone. Lieutenant Van Kerckhoven, having landed, walked up to the camp with the major, while I remained behind to see that everything was right. When, some half-hour later, I had climbed the hill, and found my way into the camp, I saw the major just inside the door of one of the huts; and, going in, found Mr. Troup lying on a camp-bed, looking as if he had not a week to live. In walking from Yangambi, on his return from Stanley Falls, he had somehow strained his leg, and a large tumor had formed, which had not only lamed him, but affected his health to a serious extent. As Stanley's expedition has attracted a great deal of attention in Europe, I will, before proceeding with this account, describe the place where five British heroes had, for nearly a year, defied all the dangers of African life. The fort, or stronghold, containing all the stores, as well as the huts of the Europeans, was an enclosure some sixty paces (say twenty-five to thirty yards) square, enclosed by a strong palisade of sticks, from two to three inches in diameter, and twelve to fifteen feet in length. These were planted as close to gether as possible, just leaving room to insert the muzzle of a gun between them. On the side facing the river, the palisade was planted on the very edge of an almost vertical descent of fifty feet. This side, being perfectly unassailable by natives or Arabs, needed no further defence; but, on the other three sides, a stage was erected about six feet from the ground, so that two rows of men could bring their guns into use at the same time, the sticks being high enough to afford cover for the upper row. Against natives, who fight with spears and arrows, this stage would have been very useful; but in an engagement with the Arabs, who have rifles and double-barrelled shot-guns (they load the latter with heavy iron slugs, some of them half an inch in diameter), the men on it would have been too much exposed. To provide against this emergency, an em bankment, about five feet high, had been thrown up against the outside of the palisade - composed of the clay taken from a trench which surrounded the whole, and had been filled with water, though this was drained off when I saw it. There is no regular rainy season in this part of Africa; but at this time beavy showers fell at uncertain intervals usually every few days which not only soon filled the trench, but would have enabled the garrison to obtain water in plenty, had they been cut off from the river. On the land side of the enclosure-which was also that nearest to the Arab camp, were two semicircular redoubts, from which the defenders could have opened a flank fire at any party attempting to approach the trench. Inside the enclosure were five huts of sticks, grass, and planks—the latter obtained by splitting up old canoes. Three of these, which served as the habitations of three of the Europeans, were half filled up with stores; the fourth was used as a messroom, and also contained the donkeys' saddles, and various miscellanea, such as spades, hoes, etc. These four were much of a size; the fifth, not being required to hold stores, was only about half as large, and was occupied by Mr. Troup. Besides these there was a galley, and four small huts (each about five feet square) for the table-boys. The two entrances to this enclosure were about three feet wide, and defended by a door formed of planks made from the thick bottoms of large canoes. These doors were hinged at the top, and during the day, kept open by having their lower ends supported on stout poles; their weight was such as to require four or five men to raise them. They were closed every night, and two men set to guard them. The trench was crossed by means of some light planks, which could have been pulled up in less than half a minute. The south side of the enclosure was defended only by a palisade, — being cov. ered by the men's camp, a second enclosure, longer than the first, round which the palisade and trench were continued. This outer enclosure contained the numerous small grass huts occupied by the men; and its southern end was just in a line with the foot of the lowest rapid in the river. Among the huts I noticed four with conical roofs, which were all that remained of the village burnt by the Arabs. These conical structures are only five or six feet in diameter, and are built in the following manner: a circle of sticks, two feet high, is first planted in the ground, and this is filled in with clay, which is beaten down hard. On this foundation a very sharp cone of light sticks is erected, and the leaves that form the covering tied to it. These leaves are very large and heart-shaped, and seem, from the quantities used in building, to be plentiful about here, though I have never seen the tree they grow on. The door of these huts is just large enough for a man to crawl through. Round the whole place the bush had been cleared away, so as to leave no cover for any enemies approaching from the land side. On the north, the clearing had been extended for some distance up the river, and formed a sort of esplanade, where Major Barttelot and his companions took their constitutionals. At the far end of this clearing began the road down which Stanley had led his men a year before; and just at this spot was the cemetery, where the graves of nearly eighty of Major Barttelot's men (who had succumbed to the hardships of the past year) made one pause, and reflect on the uncertainty of human life. Such was the place in which the major and his company had lived for nearly a year. On his first arrival, Stanley had, as he wrote to the newspapers, captured the place by means of steam-whistles;* after which, having awaited the return of the steamer which he had sent to Stanley Falls with Tippoo Tip, and made all arrangements in his power to facilitate the advance of Major Barttelot on the arrival of the promised carriers, he left Yambuya, June 28, 1887, hoping to return some time in November of the same year. Tippoo Tip had, as before mentioned, promised to send for six hundred men from Kassongo, a place near Nyangwé. Should these men arrive before Stanley's return, Major Barttelot had ample instructions as to the route he was to take in following on his track. Every possible contingency was provided against; and had it not been for the dilatoriness - in my opinion the treachery of Tippoo Tip, and the other Arab chiefs, Stanley would long ere this have achieved his object. After his departure, the Eu 66 ropeans left behind were, for a time, subjected to great privations, as the natives had not yet returned to their homes, and food was difficult to obtain. Beans, which they had brought up the river with them, and manioc from the fields round the camp, were all that could be had for some time. Gradually, however, the people ventured back, and, gaining confidence, were beginning to bring meat and fish to sell to the strangers, when suddenly Salim bin Mahomed, one of Tippoo Tip's headmen, appeared on the scene, with a hundred and fifty Manyemas, and began to raid the country for ivory and slaves. I subsequently saw a letter to the Times referring to these Manyemas as follows: Englishmen have stood and watched while their Manyema allies (!) fired at the heads of unhappy men and women who had leaped into the river and were trying to swim across, and have gathered round the Manyema camp-fires at night to hear them relate their prowess." Now Major Barttelot and his companions were no more to blame than the emperor of China for this state of affairs. They had Stanley's orders to keep on good terms with the Arabs; and even had they been free to act accord. ing to their own opinion of what was right, what could they have done with only two hundred men, the greater part of whom were Zanzibaris, who would probably have deserted at once had there been a fight with the Arabs? As it was, the major had great difficulty in keeping clear of hostilities, as Salim bin Mahomed became so eager to possess the guns, powder, and other stores left by Stanley, that he did all in his power to pick a quarrel with the Europeans, in order to have an excuse for bringing up two or three thousand men, exterminating them (the Europeans), and seizing the stores. The duty of the members of the expedition was to do all in their power to hasten after Stanley with the stores; and a rupture with the Arabs who were to provide the carriers for these stores, would certainly not have furthered this object. The writer of the letter quoted above seems to have been under the impression that the expedition was sent out to suppress the raids of the Arabs; to have done this effectually would have required a whole army, instead of two hundred men, the greater part of whom were Mohammedans, and naturally in sympathy with their co-religionists. As for "sitting round the Manyema campfires," etc., I can only say I never heard of any of the five white men doing so; and should think it would have been a some what dangerous proceeding, considering | in gunpowder, which is here very valu the strained relations existing between able, and difficult to obtain in any quanthem and the Arabs. tity. Here again the State officials might have delayed, if not averted, the evil day for some poor natives, for they knew to what uses the powder would be put; and had they insisted on Tippoo Tip's being paid by cheque instead, he would have had to wait at least a year before that cheque could have been exchanged for ammunition. The letter goes on to say: "The four hundred Manyemas who have consented to go with Major Barttelot have only done so after expressly stipulating that they are not to be interfered with; so that pillage, murder, and man-eating will no doubt lay waste the country along the line of march, as they have already the country round the camp. The column will thus throw open still more virgin country to the Manyemas, who will be able to supply the Stanley Falls trading factory with marvellously cheap ivory." When Mr. Jamieson arrived at Yambuya, with Tippoo Tip and these four hundred men, I heard him mention to Major Barttelot that the Manyemas had made this stipulation; and the major replied that he would see the State officials about it, and do all in his power to prevent the granting of such a condition. The Stanley had by this time arrived at Yambuya, with three or four Belgian officials of the Free State, destined for Stanley Falls Station. Of these, two if not three were, as responsible representatives of the State, in a position to insist on knowing the terms of the agreement between Major Bartelott and the Manyemas; and one of them, at least, was aware of the above condition, for I heard Mr. Jamieson mention it in conversation with him and Major Barttelot. As for the "virgin country" to be "thrown open "by the expedition column, Salim bin Mahomed's men had not only raided the country behind Stanley's back, and in his line of march, to a distance of some fifteen days' journey from Yambuya, but had crossed the Aruhwimi, and laid waste the country to the north and northwest, as well as the right bank of the Aruhwimi nearly down to its junction with the Congo. With these men raiding in front of them, therefore, very little would have been left for the four hundred Manyemas to do. After Salim bin Mahomed had been for some months raiding round Yambuya, he came into collision with Major Barttelot; and the latter, as the only means of avoiding a fight, walked to Stanley Falls, and finding Tippoo Tip away, called on Nzigé, his deputy, and so managed matters that Salim either was recalled to the Falls, or went on a long expedition; at any rate he disappeared from Yambuya, and for a time the aspect of affairs improved. A few days before the arrival of the A.I.A. at Yambuya, Salim reappeared with two thousand men, and formed a camp close behind Major Barttelot's. He then forbade the natives to sell food to the white men, demanded for his own use the stores of the Emin Pasha Expedition, which, of course, were refused him, and also sent men to break up the canoes of the expedition, which were lying in the river, at the foot of the bluff on which the camp stood. He would perhaps have proceeded to even greater lengths, had he not heard that Mr. Ward had gone down the Congo to send telegraph despatches to the committee in England. Major Bartelott's duty was to take the men from Tippoo Tip, and set out immediately to follow Stanley-who was supposed to have made all necessary arrangements with Tippoo before leaving. The palaver which followed the arrival of the men at Yambuya was caused by extra demands on the part of Tippoo Tip, who as governor of Stanley Falls-had, or was supposed to have, undertaken to suppress all raiding for slaves and ivory; while all those officials of the Free State who were in a position to do so, were, on their part, bound to prevent the engagement of the men on such conditions as those named above. Tippoo Tip's demands appeared to me to be made simply Such was the state of affairs when I with a view to extorting gunpowder; for arrived at Yambuya in May, 1888. Havhe demanded and was paid an ammunition ing waited there some four days, owing to which should have gone to relieve Emina rumor (which, on Major Barttelot's goPasha. Indeed there is some ground for the suspicion that he purposely brought only four hundred men, instead of the promised six hundred, so that the major, being unable to take all his loads, might be the more ready to pay him (Tippoo) ing to investigate the matter, turned out to be false) that Stanley was within two days' march of us on his return to the camp, I got up steam on the morning of May 11th, and prepared to start. Mr. Troup was slightly better than when we |