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ingly set forth in one of the new Consular | Emigration flows with difficulty in new Reports, - a series of extraordinary vari- channels. The German who desires to ety, embracing as it does every subject leave the fatherland will infinitely prefer of human interest, from “Bricklaying in the United States, where he will find three Frosty Weather" to "The Plum Crop in million countrymen already settled, to a Bosnia." Mr. Jenner, in his communica- land where as yet only fifteen thousand tions to the Foreign Office, gives the facts persons of his race have chosen to make without any attempt to draw conclusions, their homes. The same influences will and with a praiseworthy desire to under- work against an influx of Belgians and state his case. Yet for all that, the sta- Swedes, except when recourse is had to tistics he provides point to only one inducements too heavy to be long mainconclusion, that which we have just tained. The Italians, on the other hand, described. During the last thirty-three are already accustomed to come to the years, about a million and a half_immi- | Plata, are specially attracted by the large grants have reached the Argentine prov- number of their countrymen now living inces. Of these, 65.25 per cent. are there, and are, therefore, certain to conofficially set down as Italians. The fig- tinue their influx. Again, French immiures, however, do not sufficiently indicate gration, which up till now has ranked high their real preponderance. In the first in numbers constituting ten per cent. of place, a fourth of the total immigrants are not classified except as entering the state by way of Monte Video, where it is very common for transshipments of passengers from Europe to take place. Probably if the Monte Video returns were analyzed, the percentage of Italians would work out as not less than seventy-five per cent. of the whole. But there is another and still more important fact to be borne in mind. The Italians in South America in crease with remarkable rapidity, the marriages made between them and the natives proving peculiarly fruitful -a circumstance not observed in such a high degree amongst the other immigrants. In 1885, the Italian Chamber of Commerce of Buenos Ayres calculated that the inhabitants of Italian birth and parentage then residing in the republic numbered over a million, while at the present moment it is estimated that persons in whom Italian blood or Italian race-influence predominates, constitute more than half the existing population, now reckoned to be over three millions and a half. Under such circumstances, can it be doubted that in a very few years the Italianization of the valley of the Plata will be complete? The only fact that tells against such a supposition is the newly adopted immigration policy of the Argentine government, which has lately instructed its agents in Europe to do all in their power to attract immigration from among the northern races. The danger of being swamped by the most vigorous of the Latin peoples is fully realized at Buenos Ayres, and considerable numbers of Belgians, Hollanders, North Germans, and Swedes have already been attracted by almost free passages and generous grants of land. We doubt, however, the continued success of such a policy.

the total - and has done something to counteract the influence of the Italians, is apparently about to cease; for the prefects of the departments have, it is reported, received instructions from Paris which are tantamount to a prohibition of emigration to the Argentine Republic. In view of these facts, we can hardly doubt that at the end of the next ten years when it is calculated that two million more immigrants will have reached the Republic, and when its population will be about seven millions the Italian race will be in an overwhelming majority. The closing of the United States to Englishmen, Irishmen, and Germans, and a consequent rebound of emigration on South America, is the only circumstance which could prevent such a result, but it need not be entertained as a practical question. The end of the century, then, will, in all human probability, see a powerful and populous Italian State, mainly peopled by men of Italian race, possessing an Italian civilization, occupying the natural trading centre of one-half of the New World, and dominating the whole of the South Atlantic sea-board. Even Spanish indolence and Spanish indifference have not prevented South American commerce from taking a foremost position in the world. What results, then, may we not look for when Italian ingenuity, and that spirit of mercantile enterprise which in a bygone age made Lombard and financier synony mous terms, obtain a scope for their energies such as they have hardly enjoyed since the destruction of the Roman Em pire?

It may be worth while to consider for a moment what is the nature of the heritage which the Italians have secured for themselves in southern America. We hear

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every day of nations spending millions in with civilization. And what is as impor
wars and expeditions to gain some poison- tant as a temperate climate and a rich
ous strip of the African coast-line, to seize soil, the settler need not break his heart in
an island about as big as Skye in the Pa- the effort to subdue the primeval forest.
cific, or to keep or extend their influence The land is ready cleared waiting for the
over some insignificant Asiatic prince, plough, and will yield crop on crop to
whose possessions consist of the already those who take the trouble to scratch the
thickly peopled and malarious delta of surface. The Egyptian delta has been
some tropical river. At this moment, Ger- represented as a miracle of fertility; but
many is showing herself content to spend in truth it cannot for a moment compare
her resources, usually so carefully hus- with the great river-plains of the Plate,
banded, in order to gain a fragment of the where no annual overflow is required as a
Zanzibar coast, while France but a year necessary condition of existence, and
or two ago plunged into endless complica- where the sun is not for half the year the
tions for wider possessions in Cochin very enemy of the human race.
China. Yet the lands of the Argentine out a doubt, the Italians, if they secure
Republic, which are being gained, if not the Argentine Republic for themselves,
nominally, yet actually, for Italy without though they are the last of the colonizing
trouble or expense on her part, and merely races, will not have fared the worst. Of
by the overspill of her population, are the half-million square miles it contains,
among the most valuable in the world. half is fertile beyond any land on the face
Imagine a quarter of a million square of the earth, and of the rest, only half is
miles of treeless plain, with a deep and barren. In other words, a country as big
rich alluvial soil, covered with long grass, as ten Englands, and capable of holding
and with here and there clumps of gigantic easily a hundred millions of people, seems
thistles. Such is the huge valley of the to be destined to fall to the lot of Italy.
Parana and its affluents, which constitutes But though the prize is so rich, it cannot
more than half the area of the Argentine be said that the race which has given the
Republic. Remember, too, that the cli-arts to the modern world, which created
mate is one of the best in the world, so the commercial machinery by which man.
temperate that men of European race can kind supplies its wants, and, what is still
live and work in it without injury; so gen-more important, which has lived down and
ial that it will produce almost every con-
ceivable fruit of the earth. Already the
vines and apple-trees which have been
imported from Europe and escaped, form
huge thickets in many of the uninhabited
parts of the country, and provide food for
the wandering Indians, who thus unwit-itance.
tingly have made their first acquaintance

triumphed over the brutal materialism that sprang from the intoxication of the Renaissance, has been over-lucky in the landlottery of the nations. The Italians have conferred benefits on the world which would amply justify an even greater inher

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COLORS, WHERE THEY COME FROM. From the cochineal insects are obtained the gorgeous carmine, as well as the crimson, scarlet, carmine, and purple lakes. Sepia is the inky fluid discharged by the cuttlefish to render the water opaque for its concealment when attacked. Indian yellow is from the camel. Ivory black and bone black are made out of ivory chips. The exquisite Prussian blue is got by fusing horses' hoofs and other refuse animal matter with impure potassium carbonate. It was discovered by an accident. In the vegetable kingdom are included the lakes, derived from roots, barks, and gums. Blue-black is from the charcoal of the vinestalk. Lampblack is soot from certain resinous substances. From the madder plant, which grows in Hindostan, is manufactured Turkey red. Gamboge comes from the yellow

sap of a tree, which the natives of Siam catch in cocoanut shells. Raw sienna is the natural earth from the neighborhood of Sienna, Italy. Raw umber is an earth from Umbria, and is also burnt. To these vegetable pigments may probably be added Indian ink, which is said to be made from burnt camphor. The Chinese, who alone produce it, will not reveal the secret of its composition. Mastic-the base of the varnish so called-is from the gum of the mastic-tree, indigenous to the Gre cian archipelago. Bistre is the soot of wood ashes. Of real ultramarine but little is found in the market. It is obtained from the precious lapis-lazuli, and commands a fabulous price. Chinese white is zinc, scarlet is iodide of mercury, and cinnabar, or native vermilion, is from quicksilver ore.

British Journal of Photography,

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For EIGHT DOLLARS, remitted directly to the Publishers, the LIVING AGE will be punctually forwarded for a year, free of postage.

Remittances should be made by bank draft or check, or by post-office money-order, if possible. If neither of these can be procured, the money should be sent in a registered letter. All postmasters are obliged to register letters when requested to do so. Drafts, checks, and money-orders should be made payable to the order of LITTELL & Co.

Single Numbers of THE LIVING AGE, 18 cents.

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LONDON, APRIL, 1889.

THE earth awakes even here; 'Mid the town's din and strife, The music of the year

Touches the heart of life.

The earth even here is blest
'Neath the town's leaden dome;
The cheek the spring sun kissed
Blushes in almond-bloom.

The swelling buds fling down
Their caps, and out there springs
The leaves' pale emerald cone
Of soft, still folded wings.

An answer from the lark.

R. H.

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Spectator.

"THE CHILD AND THE TRAMP."

The Witch of Glass" (Stock), are supposed to be

The following lines from Mrs. Piatt's book of poems,

addressed by a well-to-do child, surfeited with civilization, to a tramp outside the window.

It's not so nice here as it looks,

With china that keeps breaking so, And five of Mr. Tennyson's books Too fine to look in is it, though?

If you just had to sit here (well!)

În satin chairs too blue to touch, And look at flowers too sweet to smell, In vases - would you like it much?

If you see any flowers, they grow,

And you can find them in the sun. These are the ones we buy, you know, In winter time-when there are none!

Then you can sit on rocks, you see,
And walk about in water, too—
Because you have no shoes! Dear me!
How many things they let you do!

Then you can sleep out in the shade
All day, I guess, and all night too,
Because - you know, you're not afraid
Of other fellows just like you!

You have no house like this, you know,
(Where mamma's cross, and ladies call,)
You have the world to live in, though,
And that's the prettiest place of all!

From The Edinburgh Review.
THE DUC D'ENGHIEN.

THIS volume is an elaborate essay on a tragic episode of the Revolution in France, and on one of the worst crimes of the first Napoleon. It was the evil fate of the unhappy prince, especially remembered as the Duc d'Enghien, that he drew the sword of the Condés against his countrymen; but enough is known of his brief career to show that in valor, if not in genius, he was not unworthy of his most heroic ancestor. The events, however, that led to his terrible end give his figure its main historical interest; and the catastrophe of Vincennes is one of the most mournful scenes of an age of passion, disorder, and military tyranny. The chief author, no doubt, of this deed of blood was not the Borgia of M. Lanfrey's satire; and in pronouncing on Napoleon's conduct, and on that of his subordinate agents, an impartial judge must take into account many considerations that will affect his sentence. Though certainly innocent of the worst charges accumulated against him by vindictive fear, the Duc d'Enghien, beyond question, had committed an offence against the law of the State, not to be overlooked at a grave crisis; and it is impossible, we think, to study the evidence which probably reached the first consul's hands, and not to perceive that there were real grounds to suspect the prince of a great deal more than complicity with merely constructive treason. Indisputably, too, at the very moment when the ill-fated victim was seized and slain, a formidable conspiracy to overturn the government of the French republic and to murder its chief existed and had been brought to light. Two members of the exiled house of Bourbon had been privy at least to the plot; and though the Duc d'Enghien was wholly guiltless, some circumstances seemed to connect him with it. Nor can we forget though we are not satisfied that Napoleon's purpose was swayed by it that the dread of assassination has often disturbed the balance of even the most powerful intellects, and has led to deeds of cruelty and wrong;

Le Duc d'Enghien, 1772-1804. Par Henri

Welschinger. Paris: 1888.

and it must be borne in mind that the age was the one in which Caraccioli was done to death, in which the deputies of France were killed at Rastadt, in which Murat and Ney perished.

Still, when every allowance has been made which the equity of history can fairly suggest, the proceedings that led to the death of the prince can be only described as a series of crimes of a singularly dark and atrocious character. It is tolerably certain that the victim's fate was premeditated and arranged before his arrest. If his correspondence gave room for suspicion, proof was wholly wanting that he had art or part in a conspiracy against the first consul's life, and he was doomed to death on charges which were merely afterthoughts, the original charges having signally failed. Without assenting, too, to all that the malice and ingenuity of some writers have urged with respect to this part of the subject, there is reason to suspect that, to save appearances, pretences were made that this tragic event was due to precipitation that could not be foreseen, to a mistake, and even to a sad fatality; and if this be in any degree true, hypocrisy must be added to the tale of guilt to be laid to the account of the perpetrators of the crime. As for the incidents of the capture and the trial of the prince, no second opinion can exist on this; the one was a flagrant violation of the law of nations, and the other was an atrocious mockery, ending in a deed of shame which it is too favorable to characterize as a judicial murder. The whole case, in fact, is a frightful instance of the lawlessness and violence which are the distinctive marks of the French Revolution in its many aspects, and it has not found apologists even among those who excuse the September massacres and the 10th of August. As for the agents in the crime, they have, as a rule, either shunned the subject or simply lied; and the utterances of Napoleon, usually so distinct, are self-contradictory in this matter. On more than one occasion he threw the blame on subordinates whom he has severely condemned; on others he has almost gloried in the deed, and justified it as a necessity

of State.

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