CONTENTS

PART I

THE FORMATION and DevelOPMENT OF THE POLICY OF

NON-INTERVENTION

CHAPTER I

THE ORIGIN AND ADOPTION OF THE AMERICAN POLICY OF NON-

INTERVENTION

PAGE

INTRODUCTION

19

Ancient and European backgrounds as a means for understand-

ing American policies.

19

"State interest," alliances, and the balance of power in the

American Independence.

Intervention during the Revolutionary period

Status of European diplomacy at the outset of the war for

International questions resulting from the Revolution.

Revolutionary diplomacy

The desire for diplomatic relations with neutral states

Wharton's division of "schools" of diplomacy,

The resolution of Congress

Diplomatic agencies during the Revolution

Objectives of American diplomacy.

The question of recognition.

The attitude of neutral European countries

Relations with France. . .

French sympathy and interest in the Revolution

The mission of Franklin, Deane and Lee..

297]

Instructions of the secret committee to the mission.

II

23

23

24

24

24

25

26

26

26

27

27

28

28

29

Intervention during the post-Revolutionary period

The adoption of the Constitution and the outbreak of the
French Revolution; the election of Washington

Washington's attitude toward the French Revolution.

The outbreak of war in 1793 ·

The appointment of Genêt as Minister to the United States.
Questions submitted by Washington to his Cabinet as to the
reception of Genêt, and the renunciation or suspension of the
French treaties.

The Cabinet meeting of April 19, 1793

The Jefferson-Hamilton controversy.

The views of Jefferson.

The views of Hamilton

The arrival of Genêt as French minister.

His commissioning of privateers.

Jefferson's views of neutral rights and duties.

Genêt's recall; his defense.

Neutrality proclamation of April 22, 1793

Neutrality as related to non-intervention.

The Napoleonic wars

The protection of neutral rights.

French decrees and complaints

The mission of C. C. Pinckney

The course of President John Adams; the mission of Marshall,

55

Mission of Ellsworth, Davie and Murray.

Non-intervention as a principle of American political philosophy..

57

59

Difference in geographical conditions

59

Difference in government.

60

The views of Locke; the right of revolution and the natural

of man

views of

PAGE

63

The attitude of John Adams.

The Farewell Address of President Washington

Summary: non-intervention during the Revolutionary and post-
Revolutionary periods..

CHAPTER II

THE EXTENSION OF THE POLICY OF NON-INTERVENTION
Limitations of the early declarations of policy

The question of the attitude of the United States toward the rela-
tions of European powers with other American states.

Steps taken by the United States leading to security in territory

and navigation ..

The revolutions in Spanish America

Recognition by the United States; Mr. Adams' recognition theory. 73

The policy of the United States with respect to European interven-

tion in independent American states

European backgrounds of the American policy

The application of the principle of intervention as recog-

nized by the Holy Alliance to the Americas; concern of

the United States.

73

77

77

78

80

81

81

Mr. Canning's proposals to Mr. Rush.

85

The views of President Monroe

The views of Jefferson and Madison.

82

85

86

Discussion with Russia over colonization and the question

of recognition. .

86

The definite extension of the policy of non-intervention to the

independent states of America.

87

Cabinet deliberations

87

The question of a joint declaration .

87

The question of an answer to Russia.

The compromise of the Cabinet as to the form and

Factors leading to the extension of the principle of non-interven-

tion to the independent states of America .

The United States as the champion of the principle of non-inter-

vention; cases involving the application of the principle

Attitude of the United States toward the continued non-recog-

nition by Spain of the revolted Spanish colonies.

Cases arising in relation to Mexico

Representations made by Minister Poinsett

Proposed European interventions, 1858-1860

PAGE

98

99

99

100

100

102

Cases arising in relation to Brazil.

Question of American alliance and intervention

The Brazilian naval revolt, 1893-1894 .

Cases arising in relation to the Argentine republic.

Question of American intervention

115

The Egan asylum case

The Chile-Peruvian war

Significance of the cases involving the application of the prin-

ciple of non-intervention in its establishment as a definite

policy. .

PART II

135

DEPARTURES FROM THE PRINCIPLE OF NON-INTERVENTION

BY THE UNITED STATES

PAGE

Steps proposed to safeguard American interests

The "Ten Years' War," 1868-1878 .

Policy of President Grant and Secretary of State Fish

Colombian proposal of general interposition by the states of

America

Instruction No. 266; justification of the right to intervene, and

the duty of the United States to act

142

144

144

145

146

147

.

149

154

154

156

158

Its communication to the European powers; their replies.

The insurrection of 1895, and steps leading to intervention

Intervention

The McKinley message of April 11, 1898; grounds of interven-

tion. . .

INTERVENTION IN THE REVOLUTION AT PANAMA, 1903

The treaty of 1846 between the United States and New Granada. . 162

Guarantee of neutrality and sovereignty

163

165

167

167

168

President Roosevelt's special message to Congress, January 4, 1904. 170