eight corps of cavalry, the troops of the kings Agrippa and tianus, who was guilty of more than one conspiracy again Sohemus, the auxiliaries of King Antiochus of Commagene, his brother. He guined all hearts by his extreme affability , and a small body of Arabs. Aftera long siege, Jerusalem was which however was always accompanied by dignity; and taken by storm; the whole population, more than 600,000 he delighted the Roman people with splendid entertainmen, was massacred ; and the remainder of the Jews were ments, giving them amongst others the spectacle of five dispersed over the world (2nd of September, 70 A.D.), thousand wild beasts fighting with each other in the Colos[JERUSALEM.] In this memorable siege Titus distinguished seum, or Flavian amphitheatre, which was finished by his nim both as a general and as a soldier, and it is said order, the construction of it having been commenced under that he killed twelve men of the garrison with his own Vespasianus. hand. In the same year Titus was created Cæsar by Ves- During the reign of Titus, Agricola restored tranquillity pasianus, whose colleague he was in his first consulship; to Britain, and penetrated as far as the Frith of Tay. (80 and he was again consul in 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, and 79. A.D.) In the following year he constructed the wall beVespasianus however recalled his son from Judæa. A tween the rivers Glota and Bodotria (the Frith of Clyde rumour was spread that Titus secretly aimed at making and the Frith of Forth), in order to protect Britain against himself master of the East, and this rumour had reached the invasions of the Caledonians. Vespasianus. In order to recover his broken health Titus retired, in 81 So universally was Titus beloved, that the army im- A.D., to a villa in the neighbourhood of Reate, which plored him either to stay with them, or at least not to go belonged to his family, and where Vespasianus had died. without them; but he obeyed the command of his father, Here he was attacked by acute fever, and died on the 13th and by his speedy return proved that those rumours were of September, 81 A.D. It was said that his brother Domientirely unfounded. He celebrated a triumph together tianus, who had accompanied him to Reate, had been the with Vespasianus, for their victories over the Jews, in cause of his death by advising the use of improper remecommemoration of which a triumphal arch was erected, dies. On his death-bed Titus exclaimed that he died withwhich is still one of the finest monuments of that kind out regret, except for one act, which however he did not existing at Rome. Titus was likewise tribune with his specify. The news of his death reached Rome in the father, who esteemed him so much, that he allowed him evening, and the senators assembled in the same nighi, not only to write letters in his name, but also to draw up anxious to know each other's hopes and fears with regard the imperial edicts. (Suetonius, Titus, 6.) During the to the unworthy successor of Titus, Domitianus. The conreign of Vespasianus, various high functions were succes- sternation of the people was general, for they had lost him sively conferred upon Titus, whose character however to whom they had given the name of the delight of the seems to have been somewhat altered by the influence of human race. the general corruption of the capital. He was charged (Josephus, Jewish War, vi. 6, &c.; Dion Cassius, Ixvi. with acting rashly; he subjected himself to the reproach of 18, &c.; Aurelius Victor, De Cæsaribus, 10; Eutropius, having ordered the murder of Caecina, which was an act vii, 14.) of cruelty, for though Caecina was guilty of treason, he had not been legally sentenced (Suetonius, Titus, 6); and he was generally reproached for taking money from those who solicited his intercession with the emperor. On the other side however he remonstrated with his father on those measures which this very economical prince adopted for the purpose of improving the finances, which were exhausted by the dissipation of Vitellius, He was also cherged with love of women. But he ordered Berenice, who had followed him to Rome, to go back to Judæa, and he thus proved once more that his passion for her did not prevent him from doing his duty. The consequence of all this was, that the Romans, who, by the example of Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero, knew that the virtue of exalted men is exposed to great temptations and strange changes, Coin of Titus. feared that Titus would become a new proof of the truth of their experience. British Museum. Actual Size. Copper. Weight, 3937 grains. But no sooner did Titus become emperor by the death TITUS, EPISTLE OF ST. PAUL TO. Little is known of Vespasianus, in 79 A.D., than he showed that all these fears of the personal history of Titus, to whom this Epistle is were unfounded. His virtuous conduct was the subject of addressed. His name is not even mentioned in the · Acts general admiration. During his short reign the empire of the Apostles,' and all authentic information about him was visited by great calamities. An eruption of Vesuvius is derived from the Epistles of St. Paul. From these destroyed the towns of Herculanum, Stabiae, and Pompeii, it appears that Titus was converted by St. Paul, by whom and carried ruin over the fertile coast of Campania (August | he is called his own son after the common faith'i, 4), bu 79 A.D.) [PLINY]; in 80 A.D. a conflagration broke out in when and where is not recorded. Accordingly there Rome, which lasted three days, and destroyed a great part of are various conjectures on this subject. This we know foi this city; the buildings on the Campus Martius, the Capitol, certain, that Titus was (Acts, xv.; Gal., i.) with St. Paul ir the library of Octavianus, were laid in ruins, and the Pan-Antioch before the first Council was holden at Jerusalem theon was damaged [ROME]; and no sooner had the people and that he was one of the party sent by the church a recovered from their consternation than a plague broke out, Antioch to consult the Apostles at Jerusalem, on the of which 10,000 persons died every day. Titus supported his question whether it was necessary for the Gentile convert unhappy subjects with the greatest liberality; he exhausted to submit to circumcision after the manner of Moses. his treasures, and he ordered the property and estates of To this rite the Judaising Christians at Jerusalem were anx those who had perished without leaving heirs, to be dis- ious that Titus should submit; but St. Paul (Gal., ii.) inform tributed among the sufferers, although the property of such us that he firmly refused to do so. After_the Council, i persons belonged to the fiscus, or the emperor's private would seem that Titus returned with St. Paul to Antioch purse. His liberality was so great that his friends re- and subsequently accompanied him on some of his travels proached him for it; he answered, that it was not just that At any rate, from the expression in 2 Cor., viii. 23, i anybody should leave the emperor with a sorrowful eye. appears almost certain that Titus assisted St. Pauli He punished severely and exiled to the small barren islands preaching the Gospel at Corinth. From 1 Cor., xvi. E in the Mediterranean those who followed the profession of compared with 2 Cor., vii., it is not improbable that Titu false accusers [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS NERO); and he disliked was also with St. Paul during his long residence at Ephe the punishment of death so much, that he used to say he sus (Acts, xix. 10), and that he was selected to be th would rather die than cause the death of others. Two bearer of the first Epistle to the Corinthians, which wa patricians conspired against him, but he did not punish written by St. Paul at Ephesus. On his return fror them: he only said, Do not do it again ; Providence alone Corinth, whatever might be the occasion of the visit allude distributes crowns' (Suetonius, Titus, 9); and he then to in 2 Cor., vii., Titus met St. Paul in Macedonia, an invited them to accompany him to the amphitheatre. He gave him such an account of the Corinthian church, an acted with the same generosity towards his brother Domi- of the effect produced by his first letter to it, as gav 6 him ne nighest satisfaction. (2 Cor., vii. 6-13.) Titus also appears to have been the bearer of the Apostle's second letter to the Corinthians, when he was charged to excite them to finish their collections for the poor converts in Judæa, which they had begun during his former visit. From A.D. 58, when we suppose him to have been the bearer of St. Paul's second epistle to the Corinthians, to A.D. 62, we hear nothing of him: in the latter year, in all probability he was left by St. Paul in Crete, to set in order the things that were wanting, and to ordain elders in every city. (Titus, i. 4.) This year was the date of St. Paul's release from his first confinement at Rome, when he is supposed to have touched at Crete, and made some converts there, on his way from Italy to Judæa. Subsequently to this, Titus was requested by St. Paul (iii. 12) to visit him at Nicopolis in Epirus, and it seems that he was also with him during his second residence at Rome. (2 Timothy, iv. 10.) We have no certain information as to the time and place of Titus's death; but according to an antient tradition, he lived to the age of ninety-four years, and died and was buried in Crete. The date of the Epistle has been a subject of much controversy, some placing it as early as A.D. 52, and others as late as A.D. 65. From the striking verbal resemblances between it and the first epistle to Timothy, it is not improbable that they were written about the same time, and while the same ideas and phrases were present to the author's mind. The genuineness and authenticity of the Epistle have never been disputed. St. Paul's design in writing it was to instruct Titus in the discharge of the duties of his ministry as head of the church in Crete. Accordingly in chap. í. he gives Titus instructions concerning the ordination of elders, who were to be appointed for every city, and describes what qualifications they should possess, and also directs him to oppose the Judaising teachers of Christianity, who seem to have been numerous in the island. In chap. ii. St. Paul informs Titus what precepts he was to inculcate, according to the age and circumstances of those whom he had to teach, and admonishes him to show himself a pattern of all good works, and an example of the doctrines which he taught. In chap. iii. he teaches Titus to inculcate obedience to principalities and powers, in opposition to the Jews, who thought it an indignity to submit to idolatrous magistrates; and also that he should enforce gentleness and meekness towards all men. He then concludes with a request that Titus would inculcate the necessity of good works, and avoid foolish questions; an injunction of the same kind as St. Paul gave to Timothy. 6 For the undesigned coincidences between this Epistle and the Acts of the Apostles,' see Paley, Hora Paulinæ,' pp. 357-367. See also Horne's Introduction to the Critical Study of the Scriptures,' vol. iv., p. 387; Macknight on the New Testament, vol. iii.; Collyer's 'Sacred Interpreter.' TIT-WARBLERS, Mr. Swainson's name for a subgenus of his subfamily Pariance [TITMICE], and considered by him as the second or typical division of the whole group. The species of this subgenus (Sylvicola) are, he observes, the true Tit-Warblers of America, so closely resembling the Worm-eaters (Vermivora, Sw.), that many writers have placed both in the same genus; but they may, he remarks, be readily detected by a slightly-arched bill, notched near the end of the upper mandible. The slender structure of their feet, the pointed form of their wings, and the scattered weak bristles of the mouth,' says Mr. Swainson in continuation, suggest the idea that the mode of catching their prey must not be unlike that adopted by the true flycatchers, and such accordingly turns out to be the fact; they are, in short, lively, active, gaily-coloured little birds, continually hunting after sedentary insects, and pursuing such as fly from bough to bough; their habits thus forming a singular union of those of the Wood-Warbler, the Tits, and the Flycatchers: so close indeed is this analogy, that Meyer has confounded them with the first, Linnæus and Buffon with the second, and even Wilson considers some as belonging to the third of these families. Nor was the great American ornithologist very far from the truth, since they actually pass into a subgenus which certainly would stand in the old Linnæan group of Muscicapa.' (Classification of Birds.) The following is Mr. Swainson's definition of the subgenus Sylvicola, placed by him between Dumecola and : Vermivora, under the genus Sylvicola (Fly-catching Mr. Swainson refers, for a figure and description of this species, to 'Zool. Ill.,' i., pl. 139. At the place referred to we find the Grey-backed Warbler, Sylvia plumbea, with the following description and figure: Description.-Blue-grey, beneath golden yellow; back olive; wing-coverts tipped with white. Mr. Swainson states that this bird is a native of Brazil from whence it was received by Mr. Leadbeater. Mr. Swainson also refers to Sylvicola pusilla, Wil., pl. 38, f. 3. TIVERTON, a borough and market-town in the hundred of the same name, is situated at the confluence of the rivers Exe and Loman, 169 miles south-west of London, and 14 miles north of Exeter. It derives its name (formerly Twyfordton, and now, by an easy gradual alteration, Tiverton) from its situation between the two antient fords, through the Exe on the west, and the Loman on the east. The hundred of Tiverton is described in Domesday Book under the head of Terra Regis, or land belonging to the king, held by several persons during the reign of Edward the Confessor as vassals of the crown. Soon after the Norman invasion these lands were held by Baldwin de Brionis, who had married Albreda, the niece of William the Conqueror, and was created by him hereditary earl of Devon: they descended to his son, Richard de Brionis; and at his death, in 1100, without male issue, the manor and lordship were given by Henry I. to Richard Rivers, who was also created earl of Devon; and, in 1106, built Tiverton Castle for his residence. In 1293 the manor came into the possession of Hugh de Courtenay, second baron of Okehampton, created earl of Devon, in whose family it continued until 1466, when Henry Courtenay being attainted of treason, and beheaded on the 4th of March, his possessions were given to Sir Humphry Stafford, of Southwick, who was however also executed on the 17th of August following; and during the wars of the Roses and the succeeding convulsions the estates frequently changed owners. On the accession of Henry VII., in 1485, the house of Courtenay was again restored; and about the commencement of the sixteenth century William Courtenay married Catharine, seventh and youngest daughter of Edward IV., who survived him seventeen years, and lived during her widowhood in the castle of Tiverton: she was buried in the church adjoining. She was succeeded by her son and grandson, at whose death, in 1556, the lordship and manor were divided between the heirs of the four sisters of Edward, his great-grandfather; and soon after so subdivided, that when Risdon wrote, in 1630, there were then forty parts or shares, the principal of which came into posses sion of the Wests; and by the marriage of Dorothy, the heiress of that family, to Sir Thomas Carew, of Haccombe, in 1759, the family of Carew succeeded to the lordship and manor, which is now held by Sir Walter Palk Carew, Bart.. together with the castle and adjoining estate, with a few other farms in fee, and different undivided eighths of many | ants, whereas in 1591 the population had increase 1 to 5000 ; other lands in the parish. and Dunsford states, on the authority of Risdon and Tiverton is supposed to be one of the largest boroughs Chapple, that it was the principal place in Devonshire in the kingdom, being about eleven miles in length, and for the making of kersies, whicli were known all over the nearly ten in breadth : the area is 20,000 acres, and it con- kingdom as · Tiverton Kerzies,' and generally sent to the tains, according to the census of 1841, 1930 inhabited and London market. In 1612, 8000 persons were constantly 109 uninhabited houses; having a population of 10,041 employed in the manufacture of woollen cloth, and the inhabitants, 4648 males and 5393 females. The country annual returns of the trade exceeded 300,0001.; but an on the west and north sides is very hilly and well wooded. extensive fire shortly afterwards destroyed property to the The town is pleasantly situated on rising ground between amount of a quarter of a million, the operatives were disthe Exe and Loman, and is well watered by a brook called persed over the country, and the town never recovered the Town Leat, which rises about 5 miles north of the its former prosperity. After this the trade in kersies town, and was given, about 1260, by the then countess of gradually declined; but in 1690 the manufacture of mixed Devon, for the use of the inhabitants. On the west side worsted serges was established, and by 1715 there was of the river Exe is a large suburb called Westex, very again a population of 8700, with a trade returning 350,000/. densely populated, and principally inhabited by operatives. annually. In 1741 an epidemic fever scattered the poOne of the greatest attractions of the town is the trout-pulation, and as serges were supplanted in Holland by fishing in the two rivers. On the east side of the town is the Norwich stuffs, the manufacturers engaged in making the Tiverton branch of the Great Western Canal, by which common duroys, &c., for the Spanish and Italian markets. limestone, coal, culm, coke, &c. are imported. In 1756 there were 56 fulling-mills regularly employed, The parish church, or at least part of it, was first built but the French revolution, and the long wars consequent in 1073; consecrated by Leofricus, first bishop of Exeter; upon it, put an end to the foreign trade, and the improveand enlarged and improved at various times by the families ment of machinery in Yorkshire has taken away the of Rivers and Courtenay previous to the fifteenth century. woollen manufacture. In 1790 however a large building Between 1517 and 1529 John Greenway, an eminent mer- was erected in Westex for a cotton-mill, but finally conchant, rebuilt and enlarged the whole of the south aisle verted into a manufactory for spinning wool, which was and south front, together with the elegant chapel bearing afterwards woven into coarse fabrics for the East India his name; and also erected the fine Gothic screen which Company. This undertaking did not answer, and it was separates the chancel from the body of the church. The shut up in 1815. In 1816 Mr. Heathcoat of Loughsouth front and porch (of which an engraving appeared in borough, in consequence of the Luddite disturbances in the · Gentleman's Magazine'), together with Greenway's that neighbourhood, removed to it with his beautiful ma. Chapel, have lately been rebuilt, and the whole of the chinery for making bobbin-net, for which he had obtained church new seated. It is a fine Gothic pile, 136 feet long a patent in 1808, and many successive improvements havand 82 feet wide; and the tower is 27 feet square at the ing been made on it, the trade is still carried on to the base and. 116 feet high. St. George's Chapel, which was great benefit of the town. It gives permanent employfinished in 1730, is of the Doric order, and situated in a ment to above 900 persons, besides temporary employlarge yard in the centre of the town. The tithes of the ment to several hundred girls and women. whole parish were granted, in 1146, by Baldwin de Rivers The venerable remains of the old castle of the Riverses to the Cluniac monks at Exeter ; but the parish was after- and Courtenays stand on an eminence near the Exe ; some wards divided; for in 1257, as appears by the episcopal parts of the building are still in pretty good preservation, registers at Exeter, there were, as at present, four quarters, and might with a little repair last for several ages, but a or ecclesiastical portions, viz., three rectories (Clare, Pitt, considerable part of it was pulled down about a century and Tidcombe), and an impropriation (Priors), which since, and a modern house erected on its site. There is Henry VI. gave to the provost and fellows of King's Col- also a spacious market-place, erected in 1830, with a suite lege, Cambridge, who still retain the tithes, and appoint a of rooms for assemblies, several dissenting chapels, a stipendiary curate to perform a fourth part of the duty, theatre, union workhouse, and bridewell, which is about although they deny their liability to do so. The tithes to be pulled down, and a building on an improved plan have lately been commuted: Clare at 5651.; Pitt, 8501.; erected in lieu of it. Tidcombe, 7311. 10s.; Priors, 4001.; and certain small Soon after the fire of 1612, James I. incorporated Tiverdetached pieces of land, technically called All Fours,' ton by the title of mayor and burgesses, but the elective 661. franchise then conferred was confined to the corporate There are still many richly-endowed charities in Tiver body (25 in number), and continued in that state until the ton. Blundell's free grammar-school was founded by Peter passing of the Reform Bill in 1832, under which the conBlundell, merchant, in 1599: the income has increased, stituency is about 500. The castle was bombarded and owing to the rise in the value of la from under 1001. to taken by General Fairfax in 1645, when Sir Gilbert Talbot about 12001. per annum. There is now a surplus income was the governor. of 500l. or 6001. a year. There are several fellowships, Cosway the painter was a native of Tiverton, and scholarships, and exhibitions connected with this school at painted an altar-piece of Peter delivered out of Prison,' Cambridge and Oxford. There is also a free English which he presented to the parish, and it was placed in the school, founded in 1609 by Robert Comyn, alias Chilcott, church in 1777; the celebrated Bampfylde Moore Carew, the nephew of Blundell. A blue-coat or charity school, the gipsy king, who lived a century ago, was a son of the where a number of poor children of both sexes are edu- rector of Bickleigh, an adjoining parish, and ran away cated and clothed, has lately been erected in lieu of an old from Blundell's school to join the gipsies. Although building, and it is supported by various bequests. There nearly related to the most respectable families of the is also a national school, just built, which is supported by western counties, nothing could induce him to give up his voluntary contributions; and an elegant school is now connection with this singular people, and his adventures, being erected in Westex, to be put under the direction of dictated by him to Mrs. Goadby of Sherborne, and whichi the British and Foreign School Society. Among the mis- have been very frequently republished, contain an amusing cellaneous charities are Greenway's almshouses, founded account of his vagabondism. in 1517, for the support of five poor men, with eightpence The principal market is on Tuesday, and is very abundweekly for each; but the revenues are now so much aug- antly supplied with live cattle, corn, meat, poultry, vegemented that there are eleven houses the inmates of which tables, and fruit; there is another smaller market on receive five shillings per week each, and ten of which the Saturdays, and two fairs. There is an anniversary meeting inmates have four shillings, and four additional almshouses of the trustees and other gentlemen educated at the are now being built. There is also an excellent charity, grammar-school about the last week in August, and on the founded by Walter Tyrrel in 1568, the proceeds of which two following days there are races over a very excellent are employed in repairing Exe bridge, and the overplus course, in the castle meadows adjoining the town. The distributed weekly in bread. There are many others of borough is divided into three wards : Westex ward, Castle less importance; and it has been said that if all the ward, and Loman ward, and the municipal body consists charitable donations had been properly looked after, there of six aldermen and eighteen councillors, out of whom the would not at present be any need of a poor-rate. mayor is chosen; the recorder is, as in other cases, The worllen trade of Tiverton was formerly very ex- nominated by the crown; he holds a session four times à tensive From 1560 to 1566 there were only 2500 inhabit- year, and is the judge of the court of record fo: debts a under 1001. The town is well lighted with gas, and the martyrdom, according to Baronius, Tillemont, and other streets are under the control of commissioners em- church historians. Under Aurelian, the famous Zenobia, powered by act of parliament, who keep them very clean. queen of Palmyra, after having followed the triumphal (Communication from Tiverton.) procession of her conqueror, was by order of the senate TI'VOLI, the antient Tibur, a town of the Papal State, banished to Tibur, where she is said to have lived many 16 miles east-north-east of Rome, situated on the slope of years in comparative comfort. The grammarian Nonius á hill on the left bank of the Anio, or Teverone, just Marcellus, who belongs to the fourth century, was a native above the spot where that river falls by a succession of of Tibur. rapids into the lowlands of the Campagna. Tibur existed In the year 543 the Goths under Totila took Tibur by as a town before the building of Rome, and its origin is surprise, and slaughtered most of the inhabitants, including lost in the obscurity of fabulous times. Virgil, in relating the bishop. During the Longobard dominion in Italy, the wars of the Latins and Rutuli against Æneas, speaks Tibur was included in the duchy of Rome, subject, at least repeatedly of Tibur. According to the old tradition, nominally, to the emperors of Constantinople, and afterTiburtus, son of Catillus, who emigrated from Greece with wards to Charlemagne and his successors. After the fall Evander to the shore of Latium previous to the Trojan of the Carlovingian dynasty, and while the crown of Italy war, founded or colonized Tibur. Coras and Catillus the was an object of contest between various pretenders, Tibur, younger, two brothers of Tiburtus, fought against Æneas like most other towns of central Italy, governed itself as a and his Trojan followers : municipal community. Its territory, which extended to • Tum gemini fratres Tiburtia mænia licquunt, the westward about half-way between Tibur and Rome, Fratris Tiburti dictam cognomine gentem, embraced in the opposite direction the whole valley of the Catillusque acerque Coras, Argiva juventus.' Anio as far as the borders of Naples. But the abbot of Æneid, vii. the wealthy Benedictine monastery of Sublaqueum, now Pliny (Hist. Nat., xvi. 87) mentions three old oak-trees, called Subiaco, having assumed the civil jurisdiction over existing in his time, which were reported to be older than extensive domains, villages, and castles in the upper part Tiburtus, the founder of Tibur, and were consecrated to him. of the valley and the adjoining highlands, of which he had According to a passage in Horace (Od., i. 7), they were already, by various grants, the utile dominium,' the mucalled · Tiburni lucus. In the same passage Horace, nicipality of Tibur, together with the bishop, resented his as well as Virgil in the seventh book of the Æneid, speaks usurpation. After a temporary compromise between the of the fane and grove of the Sibyl Albunea at Tibur, the parties, effected through the mediation of the pope, the oracles of which were consulted from the oldest times. Tiburtines resorted to arms, about a.d. 1123, took several In the early part of the history of Rome we find Tibur castles, from which they drove away the monks and their mentioned as one of the principal towns of the Latin Con- men-at-arms, and a sort of desultory warfare was carried federation. It stood where it still stands, on the left_bank on for several years, until 1128, when the abbot of Sublaof the Anio, which river divided the territory of the Latini queum surprised the castle and village of Poggio, which from that of the Sabini, and it was strong by its situation was colonized by the Tiburtines; and after a desperate between the mountain and the river. [LATIUM.) The sub- fighting in the streets and houses, the place was plundered sequent vicissitudes of Tibur and the other Latin cities, till and destroyed. After this a truce was concluded between their final subjection by Rome, 337 B.C., are noticed under Tibur and the abbot. In 1141, during the schism between Latini. Upon one occasion the militia of Tibur joined the Innocent II. and the anti-pope Anacletus, the Tiburtines Gauls and marched during the night to the walls of Rome, having acknowledged the latter, the people of Rome, who and spread alarm into the city, but they were repulsed. had had frequent border quarrels with their Tiburtine Livy, vii. 12.) After the final defeat of the Latins, neighbours, seized this opportunity to assail their town Tibur was deprived of part of its territory, which was seized with a considerable force. While they were trying to break by the Romans. During the Samnite wars the Romans open one of the gates, the inhabitants turned off part of the made a road from Tibur over the Apennines to the country waters of the Anio, and made them fall with overwhelming of the Peligni, which was called Via Valeria. The aque- force down the declivity upon the assailants, part of whom ducts of the Anio vetus and Anio novus, and of the Aqua were swept away; and the citizens, sallying out at the same Marcia, which supplied Rome with wholesome water, passed time, routed the remainder of the besiegers, who ran away, through the territory of Tibur, where their remains are still leaving behind their tents and baggage. This was the seen. The healthy and romantic situation of this district cause of that deadly animosity of the Romans against the induced the wealthy Romans to construct in it handsome Tivurtines, which continued for more than a century after. country residences. Scipio Æmilianus, Metellus Numidi- In the following year, 1142, the people of Tibur, being eus, the famous Marius, Mæcenas, Munatius Plancus, and threatened with another attack, thought it prudent to make Manlius Vopiscus, had their Tiburtine villas. The families their peace with Pope Innocent, and they swore allegiance of the Munatii , the Coponii, and the Plautii, which flourished to him, which so incensed the Romans, who were bent upon at Rome in the latter times of the republic and under the the destruction of Tibur, that they rose in arms against first emperors, were from Tibur. The mausoleum of the the pope, restored the senate, and proclaimed the republic. Plantü is still seen at Ponte Lucano, a few miles from the In 1145 Pope Eugenius III. took refuge at Tibur from the town on the road to Rome. It is in the shape of a massive turbulence of the Roman people. During the subsequent found tower, like that of Cæcilia Metella outside of Rome, dissensions between the emperor Frederic I. and the pope, with an inscription, which however is said to be of much the people of Tibur seem to have remained faithful to the later date, to M. Plautius Silvanus, who served under Ti- latter, and they joined the Roman militia in an attack berius in the Illyrian war (A.D. 10). G. M. Zappi, who upon Tusculum, the inhabitants of which had taken the lived about the middle of the 15th century, describes, in his part of the emperor, which ended in the total destruction Annals of Tivoli,' this monument, as it then was, in better of that antient city, A.D. 1191. The Tiburtines obtained preservation than at present. a large share of the plunder of Tusculum. Frederic II., Augustus used to visit his favourite Mæcenas at his in his wars against the pope, held for a time possession of villa at Tibur, and Suetonius (Octav., 72) mentions his Tibur. After a course of desultory warfare between Rome holding his tribunal under the porticoes of the splendid and Tibur, a treaty was concluded and signed by the matemple of Hercules, part of the cella of which is still gistrates of both towns, in August, 1259, entitled 'Capitula seed behind the choir of the modern cathedral, which et Instrumenta inter Romanum Populum et Populum Tihas been partly constructed with the materials of the antient burtinum,' by which the city of Rome secured the right of temple. Gellius (xix. 5) mentions a public library as an- sending to Tibur a count, rector, or podestà, as political rexed to the temple. Horace preferred Tibur to all other magistrate, who however, before entering upon his office, plaas of resort, and he had a country-house in the neigh- was to swear to observe the municipal statutes of the town bournood, distinct from his Sabine farm at Digentia. of Tibur; but the judges, the captain of the militia, and The emperor Hadrian constructed near Tibur a magni- the councillors of the commune, continued to be chosen ficent villa, of which extensive remains are still seen. It by the citizens of Tibur as heretofore. The town of Tibur contained imitations of the works of art and of the was to pay to the senate of Rome an annual tribute of one beauties of nature which he had seen in his travels through thousand libre' (about two hundred dollars). After this out the empire. Under his reign Getulius, a native of the people of Tibur, though often distracted by the factions Tibur, and his wife Simphorosa, with their seven sons, being of the Guelphs and the Guibelines, the Colonna and the sonverts to the Christian doctrine, are said to have suffered | Orsini, which desolated for more than a century the Cam a pagna and the neighbouring districts, remained upon the valley of ne Jaystrus îrom that of the Hermus. It is said whole attached to the popes; and they even fought for by Pliny to have been previously called Timolus. (Nat. Urban VI. against the Orsini lords of Vicovaro and Tag- Hist., v. 30; compare Ovid, Met., vi. 15; xi. 86.) liacozzo, whom they defeated in 1381. Pope Pius II. built Tmolus was celebrated in antiquity for its wine (Strabo, a castle at Tivoli, which remains. xiv. 637), to which allusion is frequently made in the Tivoli is now the head of a district of the comarca or Bacchæ' of Euripides. It was also rich in minerals; and province of Rome, which district, according to the last the Pactolus, which flows from it into the Hermus, is said census, contained 55,825 inhabitants, and includes most of to have washed down a great quantity of gold, whence the old territory of Tibur. It is one of the few antient Cresus and the Lydian kings were supposed to have towns of Latium which stands on its antient site; whilst obtained a great part of their wealth. In the time of the modern representatives of Tusculum, Præneste, and Strabo however no gold was found in the river. (Herod., Alba are no longer on the spot of those antient cities. i. 93; v. 101; Strabo, xiii. 626.) Chishull, who visited The temple of Vesta, vulgarly called • Della Sibilla,' with Trolus in 1699, describes the mountain as pleasant, and its Corinthian pillars, still occupies its commanding posi- garnished with an infinite variety of plants, shrubs, and tion; the temple of Hercules has been transformed into a trees. Besides a fine prospect of the country, the traveller cathedral; the Roman road, or Via Tiburtina, crosses the is amused with impending rocks, perpendicular precipices, town; the Roman bridge called Ponte Celio, or Ponticelli, and the murmurs of a brook, probably the Pactolus. On is still extant. There are considerable remains of the the top, which he gained in four hours, was a fruitful vale Villa of Mæcenas near the Cascatelle. Remains of that between two lofty ridges; with a vein of marble as clear of Quintilius Varus are shown near a church called Quin- and pellucid as alabaster. (Chandler, Travels in Asia tiliolo. Another round temple, vulgarly styled • Della Minor, c. 77.) Mr. Fellowes (Account of Discoveries in Tosse,' or of the goddess Tussis, is outside of the Roman Lycia, p. 8) speaks of the mountain being covered with gate. snow at the latter end of February; but Chishull found Tivoli is a bishop's see: it has a college, and a town the snow remaining on the summits at the latter end of library of about 6000 voiumes, the gift of the Cavaliere April. Bischi, a native of the place; several manufactories of In the time of Strabo there was a watch-tower of white iron, leather, and paper; and 5300 inhabitants. The sur- stone on the top of Tmolus, which had been built by the rounding hills are covered with olive-trees. The streets Persians, and from which the whole of the surrounding or the town are narrow and steep. Near Tivoli is the ex- country could be seen, especially the plain of the Caystrus. tensive Villa d'Este, constructed about the middle of the (Strabo, xiii. 625.) Tacitus (Ånnal., ii. 47) speaks of a sixteenth century by the Cardinal Ippolito the younger, of town Tmolus, which was destroyed by an earthquake in Este, son of Alfonso I., duke of Ferrara, who was governor the reign of Tiberius, A.D. 17. This town seems to have of Tivoli under Pope Julius III., and afterwards embel- been situated either upon or near the mountain. Ernesti, lished by the Cardinal Luigi d'Este, brother of Alfonso II. in his note upon the above-mentioned passage of Tacitus, It has all the formal magnificence of the gardens and says that this town is also mentioned by Herodotus (i. 84), pleasure-grounds of that age; its trees cut in architectural but Herodotus is speaking of the mountain, not of the shapes, its mosaic-like parterres, its handsome fountains and town. The Mesotimolitæ, as the name indicates, inwater-works, constructed by Orazio Olivieri, a celebrated habited the central part of the mountain. (Pliny, Nat. hydraulist of Tivoli ; its avenue of Italian pines, and its Hist., v. 30.) terraces.--constitute a princely residence, suited to the cha- TOAD. (Frogs.] MM. Duméril and Bibron (Erpétoracter and style of its former owners. The mansion is logie) make the Bufoniform family of the Anurous Phaneadorned with frescoes by Zuccari and Muziano. The view rogloss Batrachians (Anoures Phaneroglosses) consist o! from the terrace before the house is magnificent. Ven- the following genera :turini has published views of this villa, · Fontane del Gi- Dendrobates, Wagl. (Hylaplesia, part, Boie, Tschudi.' ardino Estense coi loro prospetti.'. The country about Example, Dendrobates tinctorius (Cayenne). Tivoli and the valley of the Anio above it is one of the Rhinoderma, Dum. and Bibr. most pleasant, salubrious, and romantic districts near Rome. Example, Rhinoderma Darwinii (Chili). Vicovaro, the antient Varia, eight miles above Tivoli; Atelopus, Dum. and Bibr. the secluded monastery of Subiaco, which is twelve miles Example, Atelopus flavescens (Cayenne) above Vicovaro, near where Nero had a villa; the sources Bufo, Laur. of the Anio, near Trevi, above Subiaco; and the valley of Example, Bufo vulgaris, the common toad. (Europe, Digentia, afford scope for interesting excursions. The Japan.) [FROGS, vol. X., pp. 490, 491, 493, 495.) MM. vines of Tivoli are famed for a peculiar sort of grape, called Duméril and Bibron record eighteen species of this genus. · pizzutello' and pergolese,' which, on account of its firm- Phryniscus, Wieg. (Chaunus,* part, Tschudi.) ness and luscious taste, is much in request for the table. Example, Phryniscus nigricans, Wieg. (Montevideo.) It was noticed as early as the time of Pliny the elder, who Brachycephalus, Fitzing. (Ephippifer, Coct.) says (Hist. Nat., xiv. 4, Tauchnitz edit.) that it was then Example, Brachycephalus ephippium, Fitzing. (Brazil, a newly discovered sort of grape, having the appearance Guyana.) of the olive, and was called by the Tiburtines . uva mu- Hylædactylus, Tschud. nicipi.' The stone commonly called travertino,' of which Example, Hyleedactylus baleatus (Java). many of the buildings of Rome are built, is dug near Plectropus, Dum. and Bibr. Tivoli. Example, Plectropus pictus (Manilla), Many authors have written concerning the history and Engystoma, Fitzing. (Microps, Wagl. ; Stenocephalus antiquities of Tivoli. Nicodemi wrote its history in Latin; Tschud.) Zappi wrote • Annali di Tivoli ;' Del Ré, • Antichitá Ti- Example, Engystoma orale (Surinam, Buenos Ayres). burtine;' Marzi, · Storie Tiburtine ;' Cabral and Del Ré, Uperodon, Dum. and Bibr. Nuove Ricerche delle Ville e dei più notabili Monumenti Example, Uperodon marmoratus (Montavalle, Indian antichi della Città e del Territorio di Tivoli,' an excellent Peninsula). guide-book; De Sanctis, · Dissertazioni sopra la Villa Breviceps, Merrem (Engystoma, part, Hitzing.; Systoma, d'Orazio, sopra il Mausoleo de' Plauzj, e sopra Antino;' Wagl., Tschud.). Ligorio, 'Pianta della Villa Tiburtina di Adriano disegnata Example, Breviceps gibbosus (South Africa, near the e descritta, published by F. Contini, fol., Rome, 1751; Cape of Good Hope). Agostino Capello, Saggio sulla Topografia Fisica di Ti- Rhinophrynus, Dum. and Bibr. voli,' in the 23rd vol. of the · Giornale Arcadico,' 1824; Example, Rhinophrynus dorealis (Mexico). Volpi, · De Tiburtibus, seu Tiburtinis,' in his · Vetus La- Geographical Distribution of the Family.-MM. Dutim; and lastly, Viola, Storia di Tivoli della sua origine méril and Bibron state (loc. cit.) that the number of species fino al Secolo XVII.' Rome, 1819. known to them (1841) was thirty-five, a much less number TLASCALA. [MEXICAN STATES, vol. xv., p. 159.] than that of the Raniform family, which includes fifty-one, TMOLUS (Tuwłos), a chain of mountains which runs and less still than the Hyliform or Tree-frog family, which from east to west, nearly through the centre of Lydia, and comprises sixty-four. parallel to the Messogis. It detaches itself from the Mes- Nevertheless, observe these excellent herpetologists, sogis near the borders of Phrygia and terminates on the • N.B. Præoccupied, at least Chauna is in ornithology. (PALAMEDEA, FOL coast opposite the island of Chios. It thus separates thesvii., p. 165.7 6 e |