and other ornaments of dress, some of them of the most ture is also square, but is distinguished from the lower tasteful design and exquisite workmanship.* The greater part by pilasters, pannels with inscriptions, and other archiportion of these antiquities are deposited in the new Museo tectural decorations : some of these have an upper sepulGregoriano at Rome; but no inconsiderable number of chral chamber, others a subterraneous one also, or one them have found their way into other collections, espe- below the level of the ground. cially those of Berlin and Münich. If not the most valua- What is called the Sepolcro di Nerone, near Ponte ble part of the spoils obtained from the Etrurian tombs, Molle, may be taken as a specimen of the usual character the paintings on their walls were not the least interesting, of Roman tombs partaking of the cubic form. Like the especially when first discovered; for since that time they generality of them, this is somewhat more than a perfect have all suffered by exposure to the air. While they are cube, the dimensions being 20 feet by, 24 in height, or, for the most part more carefully and better executed than including its covering, 27 feet. At each angle is a large the Egyptian paintings, they are equally curious, inasmuch acroterium presenting two quadrant-shaped surfaces, as they are almost the only existing records of a people meeting at right angles at the external edge of two respecting whom history has preserved very little. One of adjoining sides; a species of ornament almost peculiar the most interesting sepulchral chambers yet opened is to antient altars and tombs. Of larger tombs of this class that which has been named, from the subjects represented there is one in the Via Portuensis, a double cube in on its walls, the Camera del Triclinio e del Ballo.' In the height, the measurements being respectively 44 and 80

+ Triclinio,' or banquet scene, are three couches, with a feet. In the example previously mentioned, the upper male and female figure upon each, crowned with wreaths part is rather less in height than the basement, but here it of ivy and myrtle, and richly attired. Everything bespeaks is about a third more, and is also decorated with four luxurious refinement,-the embroidered table-cloth, and pilasters on each front, with a small pediment, not supportdraperies on the couches, the rich dresses of the attendants, ing, but placed between the large acroteria at the angles. the quantity and variety of the vessels heaped up on the Of circular tombs we have a well-known example in that sideboard, and the number of dishes with which the table of Manutius Plancus at Gaeta; a low circular tower is set out. Nor does the other scene convey a less favour- (nearly solid within), about 60 feet in diameter, and 10 able idea of the gaiety and liveliness of an Etruscan dance. feet more in height; therefore, owing to its size, it is rather The subjects of some of the paintings that have been disco- a mausoleum than a mere tomb. The same may be said Fered are however of a very different character; and as a of that of Cæcilia Metella at Rome; which structure, contrast to the above may be mentioned those in what is otherwise called Il Capo di Bove, from the ornaments in distinguished by the name of the · Camera de' Morti,' at its Doric frieze, exceeds the one just mentioned in size, farquinii ; one of which represents a procession of the it being 90 feet in diameter, and its entire height about dead, conducted by genii to their final judgment. These 130.feet. It does not however partake so much of the and other paintings are described in Mrs. Hamilton Gray's character of a mere tower as the tomb at Gaeta, because it * Tour to the Sepulchres of Etruria;' and a very interesting consists of two nearly equal masses, viz. a square one with account of the tombs and their contents has been given a cylindrical superstructure, and is therefore an example of by Carlo Avvolta, in the · Annali dell'Instituto di Cor- that compound-form class which we have above pointed rispondenza Archeologica, per l'anno 1829. Of Etruscan out. Among the tombs at Pompeii there is one which is art generally, Winckelmann speaks in the third book of circular in the upper part of its exterior, and internally has bis · Geschichte der Kunst, but in his time only a few of a dome of very peculiar shape, which does not show itseli the tombs had been opened.

on the outside, but is cut out of the solid mass. Other At other places in Etruria—Orchia, the modern Norchia, sepulchral structures at Pompeii are very numerous, and Axia, now called Castel d'Asso—the tombs are hewn forming what is called the Street of Tombs. Instead of out on the sides of rocks and hills, and present an archi- cemeteries, or public burying-grounds, it was the custom tectural frontispiece or façade forming their entrance, as is in antient Italy to erect tombs on each side of the principal the case with many Egyptían tombs, and likewise with those roads leading from a city, as was the case with the Via which are found in Lycia and other parts of Asia Minor. Appia and others in the immediate vicinity of Rome. Many of the Lycian tombs have columns and entablatures The tombs of the middle ages are within buildings, to their façades wrought out of the solid rock. Some of churches, chantries, cloisters, &c., and exhibit almost every the Lycian tombs however are upright insulated structures, variety of form and enrichment, from the primitive stone either plain or decorated with pilasters and other orna- coffin or Christian sarcophagus, to those lavishly decorated ments, with roofs whose section is a pointed arch, after catafalco monuments which are so many piles of archithe fashion of some of the Indian monuments, owing to tecture and sculpture. Those of the first-mentioned kind which they present a striking combination of Oriental and are, for the most part, very little raised above the floor, Grecian forms. Of sepulchres with temple-shaped façades and their upper surface is en dos d'âne, or forms a ridgethere are two examples at Orchia, one of them a tetra- shaped lid." The next class consists of Attar or Table style

, the other a distyle in antis. Both partake of the Tombs, comparatively plain, although with panelling or Grecian Doric character, yet deviate from it greatly in two other architectural decoration on their sides. The next particulars : first, in the great height of the pediment; in order is the Efigy Tomb, first introduced in the thir. secondly, in the great width of the intercolumns. What teenth century, with a recumbent figure of the deceased how remains of the columns themselves is only sufficient upon it, extended, with the hands slightly raised, and

show their number and situation; yet that they were joined as if in the attitude of prayer. Examples of this ben out of the rock, like the entablature and pediment, kind are very numerous, and highly interesting, both on stareely admits of question.

account of their execution as works of sculpture, and the Vitruvius says nothing on the subject of sepulchres and information they afford in regard to the costume of the tambs, either Grecian or Roman; yet sepulchral edifices period. In some cases there is a small canopy over the are still very numerous throughout Latium and Magna head of the figure, placed, similarly to that effigy, in Grecia

, and many of them must originally have been very horizontal direction. This will be best understood from tvaspicuous objects, and not a little remarkable on account the annexed representation of the monument of Eleanor of the studied architectural decoration bestowed on thum Bohun, wife of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Glou externally; for besides subterraneous sepulchral chambers cester. & vaults (which were usually very carefully finished inter- This is not indeed exactly a specimen of the class just mally

, and not unfrequently ornamented with painting and referred to, it being a monumental inlaid brass (a species Ecceo-work, and with

marble or mosaic pavements), there of monument very common in this country during the is another and quite distinct class, consisting of structures fourteenth and fifteenth centuries); but although not raised above-ground, insulated, and apparently

solid. These executed in relief, it will serve to explain the usual ay be described as generally of nearly cubical form, character of sculptured recumbent effigies, and the design though some are of much loftier proportions. There

are of the ornamental parts. besides varieties of this class, in which either a conical or Altar and effigy tombs were usually placed between the Erindrical superstructure is raised upon the square portion, piers of an arch, or within a recess in a wall, and in either thich then becomes a basement ; or else the superstruc- case the whole tomb was frequently covered by an arch The Princess is appeared some few years forming a sort of canopy over it; of which kind is that

In wah costly ornaments that had been found

in some of the societat of Aymer de Valence in Westminster Abbey (1334). course of time this mode of architectural decoration came

to be greatly extended. Instead of a single arch, three | in the church of the Annunziata at Florence. Alor more small arches were introduced, which, with the

unquestionably unlawful which is contrary to the canons or constitutions of the church in force at the time when the inscription is made. Thus when in a recent case the inscription Pray for the soul of A. B.' was objected to in the Ecclesiastical Court as recognising the doctrine of purgatory, the judge (whilst he deemed that prayers for the dead are not contrary to the canons, and therefore that the epitaph was not unlawful) distinctly affirmed the doctrine, that any new epitaph opposed to the doctrines of the Church of England might be removed, and the inscription of such an epitaph would subject the party who inscribed it to ecclesiastical censure.

judge whether the deceased possessed the qualities which | give him a title to that distinction. The churchyard was antiently held among the res sacra, and no fees were taken for the use of it: nevertheless the payment of fees to the clergyman dates, in this country at least, from the Reformation, and the non-payment of those fees is held by the ecclesiastical courts a sufficient ground for the clergyman to withhold his offices, or at all events to prevent the erection of any monument or tablet for which he had previously given his consent; that consent being supposed to imply the payment of the usual or a stipulated fee. The fee is regarded by ecclesiastical writers not as a price paid for the burial, but as an offering to the minister; (Haggard's Consistory Reports, i. 14, 205; ii. 333; and the claim to it is founded on custom. The church- Curteis's Ecclesiastical Reports, i. 880; Burn's Ecclesiastiwardens are also entitled to a fee for burials in the church, cal Law, article Burial; and Rogers's ditto.) since on them falls the expense of repairing the pavement. TOMLINE, GEORGE, eldest son of George and Susan It is even maintained that an incumbent is entitled to a Pretyman, was born on the 9th of October, 1750, at Bury fee upon the burial of his parishioner who has died in his St. Edmund's, Suffolk, and was educated at the grammarparish and is removed for interment elsewhere. Sir H. school in that town, which was the place of education at Spelman preserves a vestry constitution of 1627 containing that time of most of the gentlemen's families in Suffolk. a table of fees for burial in the chancel, the nave, and the At the age of eighteen he was sent to Pembroke Hall, churchyard; the interments in the churchyard being differ- Cambridge. He took his degree of A.B. in January, 1772, ently charged as they were coffined' or 'uncoffined.' and obtained the high honour of senior wrangler, and at These fees are not imposed at the discretion of the parson the same time the first of Dr. Smith's mathematical prizes. or of the parish; they are matter of ecclesiastical juris- In the year 1773 he was elected Fellow of his college, diction, and if they deviate from the amounts established and was immediately appointed tutor to Mr. Pitt. He by custom, must be approved by the ordinary after con- was ordained deacon by Dr. Younge, bishop of Norwich, sulting the minister and the parishioners. In London and and priest by Dr. Hinchliffe, bishop of Peterborough. its neighbourhood, and in some other populous towns, 1775 he proceeded M.A., and in 1781 discharged the imthe churchyard or parish burying-ground has been usually portant office of moderator in the university. He resided in purchased or enlarged, or at all events is maintained at college till 1782, when he left it for the purpose of acting great cost by the parishioners; and although (as we have as private secretary to Mr. Pitt, on his appointment to the said) the freehold is in the parson, yet, by acquiescence chancellorship of the exchequer. When Mr. Pitt was made confirmed by usage, parishes have acquired a concurrent first lord of the treasury, Tomline became his secretary, right over the churchyard, and participate in the burial and he continued with him till he became bishop of Linfees; which are greater according as the ground is more coln and dean of St. Paul's. Dr. Pretyman's first preferwidely or more permanently occupied. Thus for a brick ment was a sinecure rectory of Corwen in Merionethshire, grave a greater fee is paid than for an ordinary grave; to which he was collated in 1782; and in 1784 he was and Lord Stowell in 1821 approved a table of fees for the appointed to a prebendal stall in Westminster, the first parish of St. Andrews, Holborn, whereby for the interment preferment of which Mr. Pitt had the disposal. In 1785 of an iron coffin 107. is charged beyond the usual fee of he was presented by the king to the rectory of Sud1. 10s. he mentions also in his judgment without bourn-cum-Offord, in his native county of Suffolk. In positive disapprobation that 251. extra is charged for January, 1787, he was advanced to the bishopric of Linburials in iron coffins by the parish of St. Dunstan's-in-coln and the deanery of St. Paul's, which were vacated by tne-West. (2 Haggard's Consistory Reports, 364.)

A vault cannot properly be made either in the church or churchyard, without the consent of the ordinary signified by a faculty, that is, a licence or permission, for that purpose; and this he does not grant until he has given the parson and parishioners an opportunity to express their opinions. A vault may be attached by prescription to a mansion; or again, the proprietors of a mansion may have a prescriptive right to be interred and to erect a tablet or tombstone in the aisle or chapel appurtenant to that mansion. But it would seem that the right adheres to the mansion, not to the family; who if they cease to be parishioners relinquish their right to the vault, the use of which may be granted to others. The heir however in this and in all cases may maintain an action of trespass at the common law against any one, even the parson or ordinary, who disturbs the remains, or removes or defaces the monument of his ancestor, or the hatchment, pennon, or coat armour suspended over his grave. In some parishes the parishioners have a prescriptive right to place a stone over a grave in the churchyard upon payment of a certain fee established by custom; but nothing of height can properly be erected without the consent of the ordinary; nor can a tomb or tombstone be repaired without the leave of the churchwardens; although the granting of that leave is a mere formality incumbent on those officers.

The placing of a monument in the church or a tablet on its walls is also within the jurisdiction of the ordinary; for the fixing of it in the chancel the consent of the rector 1s required, yet a lay rector has not a right to erect a nonument or construct a vault there without a faculty from the ordinary. To remove without the ordinary's consent a monument or tablet once erected is an offence which subjects to prosecution before the ecclesiastical courts the party committing it, even though he should have himself erected the monument, and should have the consent of the incumbent for its removal.

As the erection of a tombstone, so the inscription upon it is a matter of ecclesiastical discipline, and an epitaph is

6

In

the promotion of Dr. Thurlow to the see of Durham, the first bishopric which became vacant after Mr. Pitt was minister. In 1813 he refused the see of London, and continued bishop of Lincoln 32 years, in which time he performed the visitation of that most extensive diocese in the kingdom eleven times, at the regular interval of three years, which was never done by any of his predecessors. In July, 1820, he was translated to the see of Winchester, in which he continued till September, 1827, the time of his death. His publications, besides single sermons, are The Elements of Christian Theology,' in two volumes, now a standard work; A Refutation of Calvinism,' in one volume; and Memoirs of Mr. Pitt,' in three volumes, 8vo. Bishop Pretyman in 1803 assumed the name of Tomline, Marmaduke Tomline, Esq., having, without any relationship or connection, left him the valuable estate of Riby Grove in Lincolnshire.

TOMMA'SI, GIUSEPPE MARI'A, born of a noble family at Alicata in Sicily, in 1649, entered the congregation of the Teatini at Palermo, in 1664. He was sent to finish his studies at Rome, where he became acquainted with Cardinal Francesco Barberini, who, perceiving in him a particular disposition for the study of ecclesiastical history and antiquities, encouraged him in this pursuit, and obtained for him access to the archives of the Vatican and other repositories of church history. In 1680 Tommasi published the collection Codices Sacramentorum nongentis Annis Vetustiores,' which he illustrated with introductory notices. In 1683 he published an edition of the Psalterium,' and in 1686 a collection of Antiphonaries and Responsoriales' of the Roman church, illustrated with learned comments and valuable documents. He afterwards edited the antient mass-books, a Latin version of the Greek ritual for Good-Friday, a new edition of the Psalterium,' a collection of minor works of the fathers in three volumes, to serve as an introduction to theological studies, and another book also to assist the students of divinity, entitled

་

Indiculus Institutionum Theologicarum.' Tommasi and his contemporary Cardinal Bona of Mondovi. author of

"Rerum Liturgicarum Libri duo,' and. De Divina Psalmo- 3, The conical and filiform papillæ cover all the remaindia,' are among the principal illustrators and expounders ing parts of the upper surface and sides of the tongue. of the liturgy and ceremonies of the church.

They are so thickly set that at first sight the tongue seems In 1712 Tommasi was made a cardinal, a dignity which he nearly smooth. They form little elevations on the mem. at first declined, until the pope expressly commanded him brane with sharp points which are directed backwards, so to accept it. He died in the beginning of the following year. that the tongue feels smooth when the finger is passed

(Tiraboschi, Storia della Letteratura Italiana, vol. viii., over it from before backwards, but rough when it is passed part i., b. 2.)

in the opposite direction. TOMSK. SIBERIA.]

All these papillæ are very vascular, and receive filaTON or TUN. In modern English spelling the ton is a ments of the sensitive nerves of the tongue. Their strucweight (twenty hundredweight, or 2240 pounds averdu- ture is similar to that of the sensitive papillæ of the skin pois) and the tun is a measure of wine (two pipes, or 252 [SKIN), except that the cuticle covering them is much gallons). Accordingly, some have supposed that the mea-thinner ; and their chief office is also similar, but it is prosure was derived from the weight, and in fact a tun of bable that each kind of papillæ is subservient to a different water weighs about a ton. But a very little consideration kind of sensation. The conical papillæ moreover are not of the manner in which tonna and tunna were used is merely sensitive organs : by the roughness which they enough to convince any one that the weight was derived give to the tongue, they make it a more secure instrument from the measure. These words are not classical, but they of prehension; and by their being directed backwards, they occur frequently in middle Latin (see Ducange, in verb.), fit it for the conveyance of food and drink towards the and always as signifying a large cask. The hollow empty throat. In the cat tribe and many other animals, similar, sound made by striking a large cask may have given rise to but much larger and stronger, papillæ serve both for the the name: we have often heard them say ton as plain as a lapping up of liquids and for the raising or scraping up of cask could speak. The diminutive is tonnella, which was the smaller particles of food. The lion, tiger, and many often used, but not much in England : the Commissioners other carnivora use them like rasps for tearing off the last of Weights and Measures found it only in Cardiganshire, fibres that adhere to bones; and they are employed by standing for sixteen bushels of lime. The modern use of numerous mammalia as combs for the cleaning of their the word tunnel is now familiar enough. The old taxes of skins and hair. They are the better adapted for all these tonnage and poundage are enough to create a suspicion purposes by being covered by a much harder cuticle than that the ton was originally a measure. This phrase would that which invests the papillae of the human tongue. be tautology if tonnage meant a tax upon weight: we The interior of the tongue is composed entirely of must understand tonnage and poundage to be a tax on muscles, and of the fat and cellular tissue which lie between measure and a tax on weight.

their fibres. These muscles are named, after the parts to There are many local tons of weight which have sprung which they are attached, the hyo-glossi, stylo-glossi, genioup in modern times.

hyo-glossi, and linguales. The hyo-glossi are the two TONBRIDGE. [KENT.]

muscles which form the outer and lower parts of the tongue. TONE. The technical use of this word may be seen in They arise from the sides of the hyoid bone (LARYNX; SCALE, TETRACHORD, &c., in which it signifies a musical SKELETON), whence they proceed upwards and outwards interval. In common language it refers to the quality of to the sides and root of the tongue. In the latter situation a musical sound, as when we speak of a fine-toned instru- their fibres mix with those of the stylo-glossi muscles

, ment.

which arise from the styloid processes of the temporal bones, TONGA ISLANDS. [FRIENDLY ISLANDS, Vol. x., and pass forwards, expanding towards the sides and apex p. 476.)

of the tongue. Both the stylo-glossi and the hyo-glossi TONGUE. The human tongue has a very complex muscles, when they contract, draw the tongue backwards structure, in correspondence with the variety of its offices and downwards; the former, acting alone, make the upper as an organ both of sensation and of voluntary motion. surface of the tongue concave; the latter make it convex; The sensations which are perceived by means of the tongue those of one side, acting alone, draw the tongue to the side are of two kinds, namely, that of taste and that of touch or of the mouth. The genio-hyo-glossi are two muscles tact; its motions are chiefly subservient to speech and to whose fibres arise from processes on the posterior surface the prehension and swallowing of food. The sensitive of the lower jaw, and thence proceed, expanding in a fanapparatus of the tongue is contained in the membrane shape, nearly straight backwards and upwards, to the which covers it; its motor apparatus forms its interior, under part and root of the tongue. The greater part of

The form and other external characters of the tongue the fibres of each muscle enter the tongue ; but a small may be easily observed by the aid of a mirror. Its surface portion of them pass somewhat downwards, and are fixed is covered by a membrane continuous at the sides and to the hyoid bone. Their office is to draw the tongue forlower part with that which lines the mouth and cheeks, wards (as in putting it out of the mouth), or, when the and covered by a fine cuticle which is constantly kept hyoid bone is fixed, to draw the tip of the tongue backmoist by the saliva and by the secretion from the tongue wards and downwards. The linguales are two slips of itself. The membrane on the inferior surface of the tongue muscular fibres lying near the dorsum of the tongue, beis thm, smooth, and transparent; at the middle line it tween the hyo-glossi and genio-hyo-glossi, and running forms a vertical fold which extends nearly to the tip of straight from before backwards. Their office is to shorten the tongue, and is named the frænum linguæ. The mem- the tongue and draw it backwards. brane on the sides and upper part of the tongue is thicker But besides these muscles, and variously interminglei and more vascular, and bears the papillæ, the most sensi- with their fibres, the tongue contains numerous other irretive parts, which are thickly set over its whole surface. gular fasciculi, of which no description can be given. It

The papillæ of the tongue are of three different kinds : is also variously influenced by the muscles which move -1, The papillæ vallatæ, or magnæ, are usually seven or the soft palate and its arches and the hyoid bone. From nine in number, but sometimes are as many as twenty or the variously combined actions of them all, the tongue is as few as three. They are situated at the back part of the made capable of more rapid, more varied, and (for its size) tongue, in two rows forming an angle, like the letter V, more extensive motions than any other organ in the body with its apex directed backwards. Each of them has the but it is unnecessary to describe them, since each person form of a truncated cone, and consists of a number of fine may observe them in himself. cylindrical processes closely held together. They are set At the posterior part, or root, of the tongue, numerous in rather deep depressions of the membrane, so that they small glands are imbedded in its substance. They have a seem to be surrounded by fossæ which are bounded by structure similar to that of the labial, palatine, and others of elevated rings. 2, The fungiform or lenticular papillæ the smaller salivary glands, and probably secrete a similar a.e, snailer, but much more numerous than the preceding, fluid, which serves to lubricate the passage for the food and are scattered at irregular distances from each other from the mouth to the fauces. over the whole of the upper surface and sides of the For its movements and its double sensibility the tongue tongue. They vary in form, some being hemispherical, is supplied with three different pairs of nerves :-1, The some nearly cylindrical, and some having narrow stems hypoglossal, or lingual, or ninth pair of nerves (BRAIN), are which support larger summits, so as to have somewhat the distributed almost exclusively in the muscles of the tongue : shape of mushrooms. These also, like the preceding kind, they are its motor nerves; and when they are paralysed, are composed of numerous delicate filaments closely united.compressed, or divided, the tongue is rendered immoveabie

but its sensations are unimpaired. 2, The lingual (or, as they are sometimes called, the gustatory) branches of the fifth pair of nerves are those on which the sensibility of the tongue to all common impressions of touch, heat, cold, &c. depends. They are distributed most abundantly in the papillæ at and near the tip of the tongue, and they endow it with a sensibility more acute than that possessed by any part of the skin. Professor E. H. Weber has proved this by an experiment [NERVE], showing that with the tip of the tongue two bodies may be perceived to be separate, though they be placed so close to each other that they are felt as only one body by the finger; and the same fact may be observed in the acuteness with which a minute body, such as a portion of hair, is felt by the tongue, though it is quite imperceptible to the finger. 3, The gustatory, glosso-pharyngial, or eighth pair of nerves, of which a considerable part is distributed in the tongue, are probably those on which the peculiar sense of taste depends. There are indeed some facts which it is difficult to explain, except by supposing that the lingual branch of the fifth is also a nerve of taste; but on the whole it is more probable that the functions of the two nerves are distinct, and that the fifth is in the tongue, as it is in every other part in which it is distributed, a nerve of common sensation, and the glosso-pharyngeal the nerve of taste. The numerous facts on which the question has been discussed may be found in Müller's Physiology,' in Carpenter's Physiology,' and in Valentin's essay De Functionibus Nervorum." The best experiments are those by Panizza and Valentin, both of whom favour the opinion which is here expressed, and which is besides corroborated by a majority of the cases in which the tongue has been partially paralysed, and by the fact that the sense of taste is acute at the back of the tongue and the soft palate, in which the glosso-pharyngeal alone is distributed."

Much of the uncertainty of this question has arisen from the difficulty of determining when a substance is merely tasted and when it is felt. In ordinary eating we confound the impressions derived at once from smell, taste, and touch. We speak of the taste of cinnamon-bark and similar aromatic substances as if it was a simple quality; whereas if the nostrils be closed while we are eating the bark, we perceive none of its flavour or odour, but only its hardness and toughness by the sense of touch, and a burning sensation, which is also probably the result of an impression produced on the nerve of common sensation by the essential oil. Many similar examples will present themselves to the reader, who, with a little reflection, will easily analyse the sensations produced by most of the substances that are eaten or drunk.

The quality by which substances are capable of exciting the sensation of taste is altogether unknown, nor has even a probable hypothesis been formed. The best examples of merely sapid substances are the various alkaline and metallic salts, and the inodorous bitters. By experiments with these the sense of taste is found to be subject to many of the same rules as the other senses, and to be especially analogous to that of smell. [SMELL.] A certain force of application of the stimulus heightens the perception of it. Men instinctively press the tongue against the roof of the mouth and smack it, to obtain a clear sense of taste, as they inspire quickly in the act of smelling. Contrast of tastes also commonly makes that which is last perceived more obvious, as the eye passing from one colour to another, or the nose from one odour to another, perceives each in succession the more acutely; and there are subjective sensations of taste, as there are of sight and hearing. Such are those produced by the contact of two different metals with each other and with the tongue, and those which are perceived in various diseases; but the circumstances on which they depend are as yet unknown. TONIC. [ANALEPTICS.]

TONNAGE AND POUNDAGE. [SUBSIDY.]
TONNEINS. [LOT ET GARONNE.]
TONNERRE. [YONNE.]

TÖNNINGEN, a small town in the Danish duchy of Schleswig, is situated in 54° 20' N. lat. and 8° 50′ E. long, near the mouth of the river Eider. Since the completion of the canal of Kiel it has become a place of great activity, being the harbour at the western extremity of the canal, where all vessels stop, as Kiel is for the eastern. It has a pretty convenient harbour, with several wharfs, and is defended by three batteries: the depth of the water in the

harbour is twelve feet, and many vessels from the Baltic are laid up there for the winter. From 500 to 600 ships come here annually, and the town has 50 ships of its own. The inhabitants, about 2500 in number, have a considerable export trade in corn and other productions of the country. There are in this town a board of quarantine, an extensive public magazine, and a royal custom-house. The blockade of the Elbe by the English, in consequence of the occupation of Hanover by the French, gave for a short time extraordinary importance to Tönningen, by making it the channel for the immense maritime commerce of Hamburg, all goods consigned to that city being landed at Tönningen, whence they were forwarded by land. The hundreds of waggons from Tönningen loaded with merchandise which crowded all the streets of Hamburg both day and night, gave that city an air of bustle and activity which it never had before, so that unexperienced persons might have fancied that its commerce had all on a sudden been considerably increased. The effect of this state of things on Tönningen may be appreciated from the fact that the import duties received at the custom-house, which had previously amounted to 20,000 or 25,000 dollars, rose during the blockade of the Elbe to 250,000 in a year.

(Stein, Geographisches Lexicon; H. E. Lloyd, Ham burg.)

TONQUIN, or TONKIN. [CHINA, vol. vii., p. 307.]
TONQUIN BEAN. [COUMAROUNA.]

TONSILS. The tonsils are two complex glands, one of which lies on each side of the fauces, between the arches of the soft palate. They are of an elongated oval form, and each is composed of a number of smaller glands aggregated together in one mass, and usually opening by several orifices on the surface of the mucous membrane. They form a continuous layer with a great number of similar glands, which are contained in the substance of the palate, in the root of the tongue, and in the space between the tongue and the epiglottis; and with these, the tonsils form a complete ring of glandular tissue around the aperture leading from the mouth to the pharynx. The nature of the fluid secreted by them is not certainly known. It bears a general resemblance to saliva, and probably serves chiefly to lubricate the food for its passage from the mouth to the stomach.

The tonsils are very subject to inflammation. In its acute form this disease constitutes the most frequent kind of sore-throat. It is often called cynanche tonsillaris, and may be distinguished from the other kinds by the tonsils being enlarged and forming bright red tumours projecting from the sides of the back of the mouth. Its treatment is the same as that of the other varieties of acute cynanche. [QUINSY.] Either after acute inflammation, or independently of it, the tonsils are also very subject to a chronic enlargement, which gives rise to a permanent difficulty of swallowing, with a peculiar nasal tone of voice, and often considerable dyspnoea. With the last symptom there is often combined â peculiar loud snoring during sleep; and, in children, it produces a deformity of the chest by the elevation and increased convexity of the sternum, which are the consequence of the habitually increased efforts of inspiration. This disease is very frequent in scrofulous persons, especially during childhood, and may sometimes be cured by attention to the general health, and by the use of powerful astringent or acid gargles; but, in general, the quickest and best remedy is to cut off the prominent portions of the tonsils, an operation which is scarcely painful, and may be performed either with a blunt-pointed knife, or with an instrument lately invented, called a guillotine. With the latter the enlarged tonsil is first passed through a ring, then fixed by a needle which is run through its centre, and lastly is cut off by the stroke of a sharp blade driven through its base. The operation seldom needs to be repeated; the wounded surface quickly heals, and the tonsil ceases to grow. In very acute cases of inflammation of the tonsils abscesses are frequently formed within them. They should be opened early, and the after-treatment may be similar to that for other sore-throats. The tonsils also such as cancer, syphilis, the local affection in scarlet fever, usually partake of the inflammations and other diseases, &c., which attack the adjacent parts.

TONSILS, DISEASES OF THE. [QUINSY.]

TONSTALL, or TUNSTALL, CUTHBERT, was born at Hatchford, in Yorkshire, in 1474 or 1475. It has been commonly stated that he was a natural son of a gentleman