398

399

400

402

403

406

407

409

411 Athens

Attica

412

413

-412 415

416

417

418

419

421

422

424

425

426

Eclipse of the moon. Nikias refuses to stir for
27 days.

Defeat of the Athenian fleet. Death of Eurymedon
The Syracusans close the Great Harbour.
Destruction of the Athenian fleet.

The Athenian retreat delayed by a stratagem of
Hermokrates.

After a retreat of terrible suffering extending over
7 days, the division of Demosthenes surrenders,
on the promise that their lives shall be spared.
Surrender of Nikias to Gylippos. The prisoners
are thrown into the quarries of Epipolai.
Demosthenes, in defiance of the compact made
with him, is put to death along with Nikias.
The Athenian slaves desert in large bodies to the
Spartans at Dekeleia.

Dismissal of the Thrakian mercenaries, who massacre the people of Mykalessos.

The catastrophe in Sicily aggravates the dislike of the oligarchical factions for Athens.

The Egean. The Euboians and Lesbians ask help from Sparta in their meditated revolt from Athens.

Western
Hellas
The Egean

The Persian king claims the tribute assessed on the Greeks by Dareios.

TWENTIETH YEAR.

Mission of Aristokrates from Athens to Chios. Victory of the Athenians over the Peloponnesians at Peiraion.

Revolt of Chios, Lebedos, and Erai. On receiving
tidings of these revolts the Athenians resolve
to make use of the reserve funds in the Akro-
polis.

Revolt of Miletos. First treaty between the
Spartans and the Persians.

Insurrection of the people in SAMOS against the
oligarchical government.

REVOLT OF LESBOS, which is reconquered by the
Athenians.

The Athenians ravage Chios.

The Athenians muster a fleet of 104 triremes in
Samos.

Second treaty between the Spartans and the
Persians.

The Athenians fortify Delphinion, and ravage
Chios.

Revolt of Rhodes from Athens brought about by
the oligarchic faction.

Alkibiades takes refuge with Tissaphernes, and
makes overtures to the Athenian (oligarchic)
officers at Samos, promising them the help of
the Persian king if the Athenian democracy
is put down.

Opposition of Phrynichos to the counsels of
Alkibiades.

Mission of Peisandros to Athens from Samos.

PELOPONNESIAN (DEKELEIAN OR IONIAN) WAR. TWENTIETH

B.C.

PAGE!
429

430

YEAR (continued).

The Athenians appoint 10 commissioners to settle
matters with Tissaphernes.

Organization of the oligarchical conspiracy.
The Egean. Victory of the Athenian fleet at Rhodes.

441

Euboia 442 Athens

443

444

445

447

TWENTY-FIRST YEAR.

Usurpation of the Four Hun

Reign of terror.
dred.
The Athenian army resolves to maintain the
Kleisthenean constitution. Being heartily
supported by the Samians, they declare Athens
to be in revolt from the people.

Alkibiades elected Strategos by the citizens at
Samos.

Fortification of Eetionia by the Four Hundred.
Destruction of the fort with the sanction of
Theramenes.

Defeat of Thymochares. Revolt of the island.
Suppression of the Four Hundred. Practical re-
storation of the Periklean polity.
Trial and execution of Antiphon.

Asia Minor Revolt of Byzantion from Athens.

Tissaphernes sends back the Phenician fleet from
Aspendos.

Victory of the Athenians under Thrasyboulos and.
Thrasylos off KYNOS SEMA.

The younger Cyrus sent down as Persian commander-in-chief in Asia Minor.

TWENTY-FIFTH YEAR.

Lysandros organises a system of Clubs as a means of increasing his own power.

Return of Alkibiades.

Defeat of the pilot Antiochos off Notion.

Alkibiades plunders Kymê. He is deprived of his command.

PELOPONNESIAN (DEKELEIAN OR IONIAN) WAR. TWENTY

474

405 476

SIXTH YEAR.

Kallikratidas, having succeeded Lysandros,
storms Methymna, and blockades Konon and
Archestratos in Mytilênê.

BATTLE OF ARGENNOUSSAI. Victory of the
Athenians. Death of Kallikratidas.

The Athenian generals commission Theramenes
and Thrasyboulos to rescue the crews of the
disabled vessels. A storm prevents the execu-
tion of the order.

A despatch from the generals makes known these facts; and Theramenes resolves to destroy the generals. He avails himself of the festival Apatouria to increase the feeling against them. Proposal of Kallixenos that the people shall proceed at once to pronounce judgement on the generals in a lump.

Protest of Sokrates.

Murder of six of the generals.

The Egean. Eteonikos compels the Chians to pay for the

477

478

481

Athens

support of the Peloponnesian troops.

Appointment of Lysandros as secretary to Arakos.
Demolition of Akragas [Agrigentum].

TWENTY-SEVENTH YEAR.

367

Lysandros takes Lampsakos.

The Athenian

fleet is posted at AIGOSPOTAMOI, and is betrayed
into the hands of Lysandros.

Escape of Konon to Kypros (Cyprus),
Lysandros orders the Athenian garrisons in all

the conquered towns to go straight to Athens. The pressure of famine is thus increased; but some political relief is obtained by the Psephisma of Patrokleides.

Lysandros blocks up the entrance to Peiraieus with 150 ships.

SURRENDER OF ATHENS, followed by the dismantling of the Long Walls.

. Despotism of the elder Dionysios.

Tyranny of the Thirty at Athens, supported by

the Spartan harmost and garrison.

Opposition of Theramenes to Kritias.

Death of Theramenes.

The exiles under Thrasyboulos occupy Phylê.
The Thirty, after massacring 300 Eleusinians,

are defeated by the exiles, and Kritias is slain. Lysandros returns to Athens, after subduing the Semians, and thus bringing to an end the PELOPONNESIAN WAR.

The exiles, with the aid of Pausanias, the Spartan king, put down the Thirty.

Restoration of the Democracy. Revision of the laws of Drakon and Solon.

Limitation of the citizenship to the sons of citizen-parents on both sides.

401

EMPIRE OF SPARTA.

497 Phrygia. . The Spartans bring about the murder of Alki

499
500

biades.

Asia Minor. Cyrus having resolved to dethrone his brother
Artaxerxes, gathers an army of Greek mer-
cenaries, among
whom is the historian
Xenophon.

502 Mesopotamia Having marched to Kunaxa, he is there slain in
a sudden attack on Artaxerxes.

Retreat of the Ten Thousand under Xenophon.
Arrival of the Ten Thousand at Trapezous.
The Ten Thousand at Byzantion.

Trial and execution of Sokrates.

Return of Xenophon to Athens.

Death of Agis. Election of Agesilaos as king in his place.

Conspiracy of Kinadon.

Asia Minor. Derkyllidas, having put down Meidias, the murderer of Mania, reduces Atarneus.

Operations of Derkyllidas in Karia.

The Spartans send Agesilaos to settle the affairs of the Asiatic Greeks.

The Thebans interrupt his sacrifice at Aulis. Asia Minor. Agesilaos despatches Lysandros to the Hellespont. Death of Tissaphernes.

554

395

555

556

558

559

394 560

Rising of the Rhodian demos against the
Spartans.

Murder of the Rhodian Dorieus by the Spartans.
The Rhodian Timokrates is sent by the Persian
Tithraustes to Thebes to stir up war against
Sparta.
BOIOTIAN WAR between Thebes and Sparta.
Lysandros is ordered to march from Hera-
kleia and attack Haliartos.

The Thebans ask aid of the Athenians, who grant
it unanimously.

Lysandros is slain before the walls of Haliartos.
Evacuation of Boiotia by the Spartans.

Peloponnesos An alliance between Thebes, Athens, Corinth,
and Argos, converts the Boiotian into the
CORINTHIAN WAR.

Recall of Agesilaos from Asia.

The Battle of Corinth insures the Peloponnesian ascendency of the Spartans. A few days later the maritime empire of Sparta is overthrown by the victory of Konon in the BATTLE OF KNIDOS.

At Chaironeia, Agesilaos hears of Konon's success, but conceals his knowledge till after the battle of Koroneia, in which he wins a doubtful victory.

Agesilaos returns to Sparta by way of Delphoi. Asia Minor. Abydos alone holds out for the Spartans under Derkyllidas.

EMPIRE OF SPARTA (continued).

tans despatch Antalkidas to the Persian king
to obtain a peace on the basis of the indepen-
dence of every Hellenic city.

Asia Minor. Antalkidas procures the arrest of Konon.
Death of Thrasy boulos at Aspendos.
Attack of Teleutias on the Peiraieus.

389

388 564 387

Athens

386 566

Boiotia

Thebes

PEACE OF ANTALKIDAS imposed on the Greeks by the Persian king.

The Spartans restore Plataiai.

Peloponnesos The Spartans break up the city of Mantineia.
Olynthos They resolve to suppress the OLYNTHIAN CON-

FEDERACY.

. Phoibidas, one of the generals sent against the Olynthians, seizes the Kadmeia of Thebes or his way.

Execution of Ismenias.

After a strenuous resistance the Olynthians are
compelled to join the Spartan confederacy.
Conspiracy of Pelopidas.

Surrender of the Spartan garrison in the
Kadmeia.

The unsuccessful attempt of Sphodrias on the
Peiraieus leads to the formation of a new
Athenian Confederacy.

Establishment of the Sacred Band by Epa-
meinondas.

Decay of Spartan power. The Thebans defeat and slay Phoibidas.

.

Defeat of the Spartan admiral Pollis by the
Athenian Chabrias.

The growth of Theban power rouses the jealousy
of the Athenians, who make peace with the
Spartans. But this is followed almost imme-
diately by a renewal of war.

Iphikrates intercepts a squadron of ships sent by
Dionysios, tyrant of Syracuse, to aid the
Spartans.

The Thebans seize Plataiai; and the Athe-
nians, appealing to the terms of the peace
of Antalkidas, call on the Spartans to in-
force them. The attempt leads to a decla-
ration of war by the Spartans against the
Boiotians.

March of Kleombrotos to Leuktra.

The empire of Sparta brought to an end by the victory of Epameinondas in the BATTLE OF LEUKTRA.

Punishment of the Orchomenians and Thespians by the Thebans, who obtain a verdict from the Amphiktyonic Assembly against the Spar

tans.

Assassination of Iason of Pherai.

Peloponnesos Having re-established Mantineia, the Arkadians