finally proved that Drake wrote the first three. Others were written separately by Halleck and Drake, or by the two poets in collaboration. These poems were collected and published in 1860 by the Bradford Club, of New York. "The Culprit Fay," Drake's longest production, grew out of an assertion by some friends that American rivers were not adapted by romantic associations for poetic use. Gen. James Grant Wilson says that Drake composed this poem, a charming example of pure fancy, and read it to his friends as a refutation of their theory. A collection of Drake's poems, containing that national classic "The American Flag" (of which Halleck is said to have written the closing quatrain) was published under the title," The Culprit Fay, and Other Poems," by his daughter in 1836 (later editions, 1847, 1865).

"DROCH."-See Robert Bridges. DUER, Alice. See A. D. Miller.

DUER, Caroline, b. New York, N. Y., 18-, where she now resides. Daughter of James G. King Miller. Miss Duer's lyrics comprise the larger portion of "Poems by Caroline and Alice Duer," 1896, a volume that won friends by the grace and frequent vigor of its verse, and by a certain air of distinction.

DUFFIELD, Samuel Augustus Willoughby, clergyman, b. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1843; d. Bloomfield, N. J., 1887. A graduate of Yale. Entered the Presbyterian ministry, and held a pastorate at Bloomfield for the greater part of his life. Author of a volume of poems, Warp and Woof," 1870, and of English Hymns, their Authors and History," 1886.

DUNBAR, Paul Laurence, b. Dayton, Ohio, 1872. Of African blood. Graduated at the Dayton High School, and engaged in newspaper work. His verse soon attracted attention, and he has given successful readings from his poems. In 1899 he accepted a position in the Library of Congress at Washington. His maturer poems are to be found in Lyrics of Lowly Life," 1896; "Lyrics of the Hearthside," 1899. "Folks from Dixie," stories, 1897, and The Uncalled," novel, 1898, are among his books of fiction.

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DURIVAGE, Francis Alexander, b. Boston, Mass., 1814; d. New York, N. Y., 1881. Nephew of Edward Everett. A journalist and writer of verse and fiction. Among his books "Life Scenes from the World around Us," 1853; The Fatal Casket," 1866; and A Cyclopedia of History. The poem Chez Brébant is an interesting example of a poem that, although composed by one of the early American school, is quite in the manner of the latter-day verse of which Dobson's "Proverbs in Porcelain" is a typical example.

DWIGHT, Timothy, educator and theologian, b. Northampton, Mass., 14 May, 1752; d. New Haven, 11 Jan., 1817. Was a precocious child and entered Yale when but thirteen

years old; became a tutor there when he was nineteen. Licensed to preach in 1777. While serving as chaplain in the American army against Burgoyne, he wrote his famous poem, Columbia." In 1794 he was elected president of Yale College, and by his dignity, learning, and character proved himself a great educator, whose memory will always be revered. He belonged, with Trumbull, Barlow, etc., to the group known as "The Hartford Wits," contributing anonymous satirical prose and verse to the papers during the decade following the Revolutionary war. A posthumous edition of his divinity sermons was published in five volumes, Theology, Explained and Defended.” 1818. This work has passed through many editions in America and Europe. His metrical works are: "The Conquest of Canaan,” 1785; "The Triumph of Infidelity," 1788; Greenfield Hill," 1794. Under the presidency of Dr. Dwight's grandson Timothy Dwight, in whom the traditions and character of the elder of the name have been nobly revived, Yale College became a university.

EASTER, Marguerite Elizabeth (Miller), b. Leesburg, Va., 1839; d. Baltimore, Md., 1894. She was of German ancestry, and was married, in 1859, to James Washington Easter, a prominent Baltimore merchant. Author of "Clytie, and Other Poems," 1891.

EASTMAN, Barrett, journalist, b. Chicago, Ill., 1869. Educated at Racine College, and became an editorial writer and dramatie critic on various Chicago and New York papers. Since 1898 he has been conducting a newspaper syndicate in New York City. His writings include many contributions in prose and verse to the journals and magazines, and (with Wallace Rice) Under the Star and other Songs of the Sea," 1898.

EASTMAN, Charles Gamage, journalist, b. Fryeburg, Me., 1816; d. Montpelier, Vt., 1861. A graduate of the University of Ver mont. He founded the "Lamoille River Express at Johnson, Vt., 1838, and "The Spirit of the Age at Woodstock, Vt., 1840; and became editor of "The Vermont Patriot," Montpelier, 1846. Member of the State Senate, 1851-52. Author of " Poems," 1848, of which a revised edition was issued in 1880.

EASTMAN, Elaine (Goodale), b. Mount Washington, Mass., 1863. She and her younger sister, Dora Read Goodale, attracted attention when children by the publication of several volumes of poems, some of the verse appearing as early as 1877. She became interested in the Indian schools; was first a government teacher in Dakota, and afterwards, in 1890, was ap pointed superintendent of all Indian schools in South Dakota. In 1891 she married Dr. Charles A. Eastman, a Sioux Indian. She has pub lished separately "Journal of a Farmer's Daughter," 1881.

EATON, Arthur Wentworth Hamilton, clergyman, b. Kentville, Nova Scotia, 1854.

Graduated at Harvard. A minister of the Episcopal Church, and a resident of New York City. He has published several prose works, and a volume of poems, Acadian Legends and Lyrics," 1889.

EGAN, Maurice Francis, educator, b. Philadelphia, Penn., 1852. Graduated at La Salle College. Was for some years professor of English literature at Notre Dame University, Ind., and now holds the same position at the Catholic University, Washington. From 18801888 he was editor of the N. Y. "Freeman's Journal.' In verse he has written: "Preludes," 1881; "Songs and Sonnets," 1885, enlarged edition, 1892. His prose volumes include, beside various novels, Lectures on English Literature," 1889; "The Leopard of Lancianus, and Other Tales," 1899.

ELIOT, Henrietta Robins (Mack), b. Amherst, Mass., 18-. Now resident in Portland, Ore. Mrs. Eliot is a writer of verse and short stories, and has published "Laura's Holidays," 1898.

ELLIOT, George Tracy, b. Mason, N. H., 1853. Educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Since 1884 he has been a corrector at the Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass.

ELLSWORTH, Erastus Wolcott, inventor, b. East Windsor, Conn., 1822. Graduated at Amherst. Studied law, but did not follow the profession. Has resided chiefly at East Windsor Hill, where he has been occupied as an inventor of mechanical appliances and with farming. Of late years he has led a secluded life. He was a brilliant contributor to "Putnam's Monthly " and other magazines. A volume of his poems was published in 1855.

ELLWANGER, William De Lancey, lawyer, b. Rochester, N. Y., 1854. Brother of the well-known bookman and essayist, George Herman Ellwanger, and like him interested in books and letters. His poems have appeared in prominent magazines.

EMBURY, Emma Catherine (Manly), b. New York, N. Y., 1806; d. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1863. She was married to Mr. Daniel Embury, of Brooklyn, in 1828. She published "Guido, and Other Poems," 1828; "Love's Token Flowers," verse, 1846; a number of stories; and Poems," issued posthumously, 1869. A favorite writer in the time of Griswold and Poe.

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EMERSON, Ralph Waldo, b. Boston, Mass., 25 May, 1803; d. Concord, Mass., 27 April, 1882. He seems to have made little noteworthy impression upon his schoolmates save diligent and intelligent work. After leaving Harvard, in 1821, he taught school and studied for the ministry, being ordained 11 March, 1829, the same year in which he was married to Miss Ellen Louisa Tucker. He took an active interest in public affairs, was on the School Board, chosen chaplain of the State Senate, etc. In 1832 he resigned his clerical position in the "Second Church." This step marks a great

change in his life. Though he continued to preach, and in many different churches, he would never accept a call, owing to his scruples relating to the communion service. In 1834, after a trip abroad, he became a resident of Concord, Mass. In September, 1835, he married Miss Lydia Jackson, his first wife having died in 1832. In 1835 he began his courses of lectures in Boston. He continued to preach until the autumn of 1838 in the church at East Lexington. In 1836 his first book appeared, a very small volume entitled "Nature.' It made no immediate sensation, undoubtedly because incomprehensible to the greater fraction. Carlyle and men of his stamp gave it unstinted praise. His next publication was "The American Scholar," which he delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, at Cambridge, 1837. Holmes has dubbed this oration our "intellectual declaration of independence." His lectures and orations were continued all through his life, and were published as noted below. In 1841 "Brook Farm" was organized. Emerson had only tangential relations with the experiment, and wrote of it in a humorous though kindly manner. His first volume of "Essays" was published in 1841. In 1842 he lost his little son, whose death was the inspiration of the "Threnody." In 1846 his first volume of poems was published. In 1867 his later poems were published under the title "May Day and Other Pieces." Collective editions of his verse appeared in 1876 and subsequently. His prose works, composed principally of his lectures, are Essays," 1841; Essays, Second Series,' 1844; Miscellanies," 1849; Representative Men," 1850; English Traits," 1856; "The Conduct of Life," 1860; "Society and Solitude," 1870; "Letters and Social Aims," 1875; and a posthumous volume, "Lectures and Biographical Sketches." He also contributed to the Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli," 1852; and edited "Parnassus," 1874, a collection of his poetical favorites. It is impossible to overestimate the influence of Emerson on the American people. His lectures were a stimulus as well as a guide for the thought of the day. The latter years of his life were peaceful and happy, though his memory failed him, and his mind lost its alert poise. He died of pneumonia after a short illness, and was buried in ground which he himself had consecrated twenty-seven years before. He was mourned not only by his country but by all the world, though his refined and luminous soul lives forever in his immortal work. For a critical analysis of Emerson's life, philosophy, and writings, op. "Poets of America," chap. v. [B. D. L.]

ENGLISH, Thomas Dunn, physician and legislator, b. Philadelphia, Penn., 29 June, 1819. He graduated at the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania, 1839, and afterwards studied law, entering the Philadelphia bar in 1842. After 1844 he was occupied in New York as a journalist, establishing "The Aristidean," 1845. Since 1859 he has practised

medicine in Newark, N. J., and he represented his district in the U. S. House of Representatives, 1891-95. The controversy of this literary veteran with Edgar Allan Poe is well remembered, but of late years Dr. English has done generously by Poe's memory in contributions to the press. His popular ballad, "Ben Bolt," appeared in the New Mirror," 1843. Among his books are "American Ballads," 1882; "The Boy's Book of Battle Lyrics," 1885; Jacob Schuyler's Millions," novel, 1886; "Fairy Stories and Wonder Tales," 1897. His "Select Poems," edited by his daughter, were published, 1894.

ERSKINE, John, Columbia University, Class of 1900.

FABBRI, Cora Randall, b. New York, N. Y., 1871; d. San Remo, Italy, 1892. Daughter of Ernesto G. Fabbri, Florence, and of Sara Randall, New York. The tender verses of this young girl, upon whom many fair hopes centred, are in a volume of "Lyrics," 1892, published just before her death.

FATHER EDMUND of the Heart of Mary, C. P. See Benjamin Dionysius Hill.

FENOLLOSA, Ernest Francisco, educator and art connoisseur, b. Salem, Mass., 1853. Graduated at Harvard. In 1878 was appointed professor of political economy at the Imperial University in Tokio, Japan, and also began his studies of Japanese art. He was made imperial commissioner of fine arts, 1886, and has held similar positions in the United States. Is now professor of English and English_literature in the Higher Normal School of Tokio, and is making a special study of Chinese and Japanese poetry. "East and West," poems, 1893.

FENOLLOSA, Mary (McNeil), (Mary McNeil Scott), b. Mobile, Ala., 18-. Wife of E. F. Fenollosa. Author of "Out of the Nest: A Flight of Verses," 1899. Her charming stories and poems, since her brief sojourn, 1890, in the province of Satsuma, have related mostly to Japanese themes.

FIELD, Eugene, journalist, b. St. Louis, Mo., 3 Sept., 1850; d. Buena Park, Chicago, Ill., 4 Nov., 1895. He received his schooling at Amherst, Mass., and later at Williams and Knox Colleges and the University of Missouri. In 1873 he began newspaper work at St. Louis, which he continued in St. Joseph, Kansas City, and Denver until 1883, when he was called by Melville E. Stone to the Chicago" Daily News,' with which paper he was connected until his death. His "Denver Tribune Primer" арpeared in 1882. Soon after his arrival in Chicago, he began the composition of more serious work in prose and verse than the light contributions which had secured him recognition. Material of both kinds is found in "Culture's Garland," published in 1887. It was followed by" A Little Book of Western Verse," 1889; A Little Book of Profitable Tales," 1889; "With Trumpet and Drum," poems about children, 1892; 'Second Book of Verse," 1893;

"Echoes from the Sabine Farm," with Ro well M. Field, 1893; "The Holy Cross and Other Tales," 1893; and "Love Songs of Childhood," 1894. "The Love Affairs of a Bibliona niac, ""The House," "Songs and Other Verse." and "Second Book of Tales" (posthumous volumes) were included in the complete edition of "Works of Eugene Field," published in 186 This rare and original minstrel of the West was the Yorick of American poetry, childhood's born laureate, and no less a scholar by nature than a man of infinite humor, and of inimitable, if sometimes too eccentric, jest.

FIELDS, Annie (Adams), b. Boston, Mass 1834. She attended George B. Emerson's school in Boston. She was married to Mr. James T. Fields, 1854, and has published: "Under the Olive," poems, 1880; How to Help the Poor," 1883; The Singing Shepherd, and Other Poems," 1895; "Authors and Friends,” 1896; A Shelf of Old Books," 1896. She has also written biographies of Whittier, Harnst Beecher Stowe, and James T. Fields.

FIELDS, James Thomas, publisher, b. Portsmouth, N. H., 31 Dec., 1816; d. Boston, Mass., 24 April, 1881. His father was a shipmaster, and died when James was four years old. The latter graduated at the Portsmouth High School at thirteen, and the next year ob tained a clerkship in the bookstore of Carter & Hendee at Boston. In 1832, William D. Ticknor bought the business, and Fields remained with him, becoming a partner in 15, when the firm was reorganized. In 1854 the house assumed the afterward famous name of Ticknor & Fields, associated with the publication of the works of Emerson, Hawthorne, Long fellow, Whittier, Lowell, Holmes, and the re mainder of the great Boston group of authors Of all of these, Mr. Fields, himself an author of repute, and a still better editor, was the personal associate and adviser. He took the editorship of The Atlantic Monthly," on Mr. Lowell's retirement in 1861, and held it until his own Fields, Osgood, & Co., on Jan. 1, 1871. After retirement from the publishing house, then his retirement from business, Mr. Fields became a favorite lecturer upon literary subjects. He married Miss Annie Adams, 1854. (See Ansie Fields.) He published: "Poems," 1849; "A Few Verses for a Few Friends," 1858; "Yester days with Authors," 1871 (20th edition, 1881); Hawthorne," 1876; "In and Out of Doors with Charles Dickens," 1876; "Underbrush," 1877; "Ballads and Other Verses," 1880.

FINCH, Francis Miles, jurist, b. Ithaca, N. Y., 1827. Graduated at Yale, 1849. Was the Class Poet and delivered a memorable Clas Poem. He practised law at Ithaca until 1881, when he was elected a justice of the N. Y. Court of Appeals. Since 1892 he has been dean of the law school of Cornell University. "The Blue and the Gray," which appeared in "The Atlantic Monthly " for 1867, has become a national classic.

chiefly to verse-writing for music. His lyrics have been interpreted by both American and English composers. Author of "Work and Play Songs," 1899.

GARLAND, Hamlin, novelist, b. West Salem, Wis., 1860. Graduated at Cedar Valley Seminary, Osage, Ia. Taught school in Illinois, 1882-83, and preempted a claim in Da kota, 1883, but in the following year removed to Boston, Mass., where he devoted himself to study and literary work, at the same time teaching in the School of Oratory. Has resided in Chicago and West Salem since 1891, with the exception of trips northwest, and to the East and Europe, in connection with his literary and historical researches. He has published "Prairie Songs," 1893; ** Crumbling Idols," essays, 1894; Ulysses Grant: an Interpretation," The Trail of the Gold-Seekers," 1899. 1898; Mr. Garland's books of fiction include "MainTravelled Roads," 1890; "A Little Norsk," 1891; "A Spoil of Office," 1892; "Rose of Dutcher's Coolly," 1895.

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GARRISON, Wendell Phillips, b. Cambridgeport, Mass., 1840. Graduated at Harvard. A son of William Lloyd Garrison, and literary editor of the New York "Nation from its foundation in 1865. Since 1866 he has lived in Orange, N. J., and among other works has published, in collaboration with his brother, "William Lloyd Garrison: The Story of His Life, Told by His Children," four volumes, 1885-89. An exquisite private edition of his "Sonnets and Lyrics of the Ever-Womanly," printed in 1898, contains "The Post-Meridian" sonnets. The book itself was examined by the editor of this anthology too late for the insertion, heretofore, of the following beautiful

sonnet:

AT GREENWOOD CEMETERY

Here was the ancient strand, the utmost reach,
Of the great Northern ice-wave; hitherto
With its last pulse it mounted, then withdrew,
Leaving its fringe of wreckage on the beach:
Boulder and pebble and sand-matrix - each
From crag or valley ravished; scanty clue
To its old site affording in its new,
Yet real, as the men of science teach.
Life hath not less its terminal moraine:
Look how on that discharged from melting snows
Another rears itself, the spoil of plain
And mountain also, marked by stones in rows,
With legend meet for such promiscuous pain:
Here rests - Hier ruhet, or Ici repose.

GARRISON, William Lloyd, abolitionist, b. Newburyport, Mass., 1805; d. New York, N. Y., 1879. Established The Liberator," Boston, 1831, and conducted it until 1865. Was founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and its president from 1843 to 1865. Suffered imprisonment in Boston and Maryland. In Georgia a reward was set upon his head. After his death his statue was erected in Boston, where he had been mobbed for his principles.

GILDER, Joseph B., journalist, b. Flushing, N. Y., 1858. Brother of Richard Wats Gilder. Entered the United States Nav Academy at Annapolis, Md., 1872, but resigned two years later. Engaged in journalism ust. 1881, when, with his sister, Miss Jeannette L Gilder, he organized "The Critic," and wiL her has edited it ever since. Mr. Gilder is als the editor of the life and speeches of Hon. Chat cey M. Depew, and of an edition of Lowells "Impressions of Spain."

GILDER, Richard Watson, editor reformer, b. Bordentown, N. J., 8 Feb., 14 He studied at Bellevue Seminary, the colleg founded in Bordentown by his father, Be William H. Gilder. During the Confederat invasion of Pennsylvania he served in Lands' Philadelphia Battery. His father's death pe an end to his law studies, and he joined the staff of the Newark, N. J., " Daily Advertiser. 1864. In 1868 he established and edited win Newton Crane the Newark Morning Rece ter," and afterwards was editor of the Nev York "Hours at Home." Was associate edur of "Scribner's Monthly" (afterwards The Century") from its foundation in 1870; and the death of Dr. J. G. Holland, 1881, becam editor-in-chief. His volume of poems, "T New Day," 1875, was followed by several others afterwards included in "Lyrics, and Other Poems," 1885; "Two Worlds, and Other Pe 1891; "The Great Remembrance, and ems," Other Poems," 1893; "Five Books of Song" complete to date, 1894; "For the Country poems, 1897; "In Palestine, and Other Poems" 1898. For some years past, Mr. Gilder, alway a sincere humanitarian, has been prominent social and political reform, and especially se cessful as chairman of the Commission for th Inspection and Betterment of the Tenement House System in New York City. He gare effective aid to the cause of International Cep right. The Authors Club was founded at his home. He is married to the artist, Helena Kay, sister of Charles De Kay, and granddanch ter of Joseph Rodman Drake. His influen has been propitious in many directions takeo by our literary and artistic movements of rece years. From the first, the growth and exter lence of the "Century Magazine" have bee largely due to Mr. Gilder's editorial sense, ta and unenvious appreciation. His poetry is of a pure cast, finished in the extreme, and ofte notably lyrical. Cp. "Poets of America." F

442.

GILLESPY, Jeannette Bliss, Barnard College, Class of 1900.

GLYNDON, Howard.-See L. R. Searing GLYNES, Ella Maria (Dietz), b. Nev York, N. Y., 185-. She made her debut as