HOLLAND, Josiah Gilbert, b. Belchertown, Mass., 24 July, 1819; d. New York, N. Y., 12 Oct., 1881. He practised medicine, and was engaged in educational work, until 1849, when he joined the editorial staff of the "Springfield (Mass.) Republican," with which paper he was associated until 1866. During this editorship his popular "Timothy Titcomb's Letters" appeared in the Republican and were reissued in book-form in 1858. "Bitter Sweet," 1858, "Katrina," 1867, and "The Mistress of the Manse," 1874, poems of home life, proved equal favorites with the people. His other poetical works were The Marble Prophecy, and Other Poems," 1872; Garnered Sheaves," a collective edition, 1873; and The Puritan's Guest, and Other Poems.' Dr. Holland was the projector of "Scribner's Monthly," afterwards the Century Magazine," which he edited from its establishment, in 1870, until his death. Among his novels, some of which were published serially in the magazine, are: Miss Gilbert's Career," 1860; Arthur Bonnicastle, 1873; and Nicholas Minturn," 1876.

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HOLMES, Oliver Wendell, b. Cambridge, Mass., 29 Aug., 1809; d. Boston, 7 Oct., 1894. His father, Abiel Holmes, was pastor of the First Church, Cambridge, and author of historical and religious works. The son was educated at Andover and Harvard. His poem "Old Ironsides," in the Boston "Advertiser," saved the frigate Constitution from destruction, and was the first of note that he published; although a few other verses had crept into print. He gave up law for medicine, and in 1834 published a remarkable essay on puerperal fever, doing away with established views on the subject. In 1836, after more than two years of study in America, and three in the hospitals of Edinburgh and Paris, he took his medical degree, and in the same year published his first volume of "Poems." In 1839 he became professor of anatomy and physiology at Dartmouth. In 1840 he married Amelia Lee Jackson, and established a practice in Boston. From 1847 to 1882 he was Parkman professor of anatomy and physiology at Harvard, and then was made professor emeritus. Lowell, as editor of the Atlantic Monthly," was one of the first to recognize his essential genius. In 1857 he began in that magazine, just founded, the series published in book-form in 1859, with the title The Autocrat of the BreakfastTable." The Professor at the BreakfastTable" followed in 1860; "The Poet at the Breakfast-Table" in 1873. The novels Elsie Venner" and "The Guardian Angel" appeared in 1861 and 1868. Certain features of the latter were far in advance of the times, and its publication in the "Atlantic Monthly" temporarily diminished its circulation. Among his other works in prose are "Lectures on the English Poets of the Nineteenth Century," first delivered in 1852; "Soundings from the Atlantic," 1863; Mechanism in Thought and Morals,"

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"Life

1871; John Lothrop Motley," 1878; of Ralph Waldo Emerson," 1884; A Mortal Antipathy," novel, 1885; "The New Portfolio," 1886; "Our Hundred Days in Europe,' 1887; Over the Teacups," 1890. His verse includes " Urania," 1846; Astraea," 1850; Songs in Many Keys," 1861; 'Humorous Poems," 1865; Songs of Many Seasons," 1874; "The School-Boy," 1878; The Iron Gate, and Other Poems," 1880; Before the Curfew, and Other Poems," 1888. Dr. Holmes, above all others the poet and wit of Boston, his "hub of the solar system," - held for half a century a unique position. At the Atlantic Monthly Breakfast given to him on his 70th birthday, 1879, his fellow authors of distinction, young and old, gathered to render him their tributes in speech and writing, to which his own response, "The Iron Gate," remains a model of that English poetry, half grave, half gay, in which he was without a peer- and was revered as the master by its makers on both sides of the Atlantic. Cp. "Poets of America," chap. viii. [L. C. B.]

HONEYWOOD, St. John, lawyer, b. Leicester, Mass., 1763; d. Salem, N. Y., 1798. Graduated from Yale, 1782. Studied law at Albany, and practised at Salem until his death. One of the presidential electors when John Adams succeeded Washington. His "Poems " appeared posthumously in 1801.

HOPKINSON, Joseph, lawyer, b. Philadelphia, Penn., 1770; d. Philadelphia, Penn., 1842. A distinguished lawyer, statesman, and scholar. His fame rests chiefly on his national song, Hail, Columbia," written, to the tune of The President's March," in 1798. Intense feeling was rife in America at that time with respect to the war then raging between France and England. The famous ode, sung first at the benefit performance of a Philadelphia actor, was composed with the object of inspiring in the hostile factions a patriotism which should transcend the bitterness of party feeling.

HORTON, George, journalist, b. Fairville, N. Y., 1859. Early removed to Michigan, and in 1878 graduated from its University. Has been engaged in journalism for some years, and at present is literary editor of the Chicago

Times-Herald." Mr. Horton was American consul-general at Athens during President Cleveland's second term. His principal works are "Songs of the Lowly," 1892; "In Unknown Seas," verse, 1895; Aphroessa," verse, 1897; "A Fair Brigand," 1899.

HOUGHTON, George

Washington

uated at Dartmouth, 1885, and studied at the General Theological Seminary, New York. He was for some time lay assistant at a New York ritualistic church, but abandoned his intention to enter the ministry, and his subsequent career was by turns that of a journalist, actor, dramatist, and English lecturer and professor. His Dartmouth Öde was accepted by his Alma Mater after a prolonged competition. Passing some years abroad, he was impressed by the methods of the latter-day French and Belgian schools, and familiarized himself with their poems and plays. He made the only translation of Maeterlinck published in this country. His original works include "The Laurel: an Ode," 1889; Launcelot and Guenevere, a Poem in Dramas" (comprising "The Quest of Merlin," " The Marriage of Guenevere," and

"The Birth of Galahad "), 1891-98, a series in which the Arthurian legends are treated in a fresh manner, with daring but imaginative innovations: Seaward, Elegy upon the Death of Thomas William Parsons," 1893, which follows the idyllic Sicilian strain, like the elegies of Shelley, Arnold, and Swinburne, and of Roberts and Woodberry in America. In 1893, also, Songs from Vagabondia," by Hovey and his friend, Bliss Carman, appeared, and were heartily welcomed for their blithe lyrical quality, and their zest of youth and freedom.

More Songs from Vagabondia" followed in 1896, and in 1898 Hovey's "Along the Trail," a collection of his miscellaneous poems. In the same year the last of his dramatic series mentioned heretofore ("The Birth of Galahad ") showed his advance in diction and dramatic power. But his highest and most distinctive effort, in his own mind and that of his friends, was Taliesin: A Masque," which appeared, 1896, in "Poet-Lore," and was ready in bookform at the time of his death, in the spring of 1900. This work, cast in dramatic form, is not "of the earth, earthy," and may be thought open to the gloss made by Mary Shelley upon her husband's "Witch of Atlas," as "discarding human interest; but it is sheer poetry or nothing, the proof of an ear and a voice which it seems ill to have lost just at the moment of their completed training. Hovey, in fact, was slow to mature, and when taken off, showed more promise than at any time before. He thought very well of himself, not without reason, and felt that he had enjoyed his wanderjahr to the full, and that the serious work of his life was straight before him. He was ridding himself in a measure of certain affectations that told against him, and at last had a chance, with a University position, to utilize the fruits of a good deal of hard study and reflection, while nearing some best field for the exercise of his specific gift. That his aim was high is shown even by his failures; and in his death there is no doubt that America has lost one of her best-equipped lyrical and dramatic writers. This somewhat extended note may well be accorded to the dead singer, who, on the threshold of the new century that beckoned

to him, was bidden to halt and abide with the inheritors of unfulfilled renown." [E. C. S.] HOWARTH, Ellen Clementine (Doran), b. Cooperstown, N. Y., 1827; d. Trenton, N. J., 1899. When a child of seven she worked in a factory. She married Joseph Howarth and lived in Trenton, N. J. Author of "The Wind Harp, and Other Poems," 1864; "Poems," 1867.

HOWE, Julia (Ward), b. New York, N. Y., 27 May, 1819. A daughter of Samuel Ward, a banker of New York, in which city she received her education under private tutors. She was married in 1843 to Dr. S. G. Howe, first superintendent of the Perkins Institute for the Blind, and made her residence in Boston. She edited with him "The Commonwealth,” of that city, an anti-slavery paper, and took part as lecturer and writer in the furtherance of many public movements in behalf of female suffrage, prison reforms, and other causes. Passion Flowers," 1854, was her first volume of poems, and was succeeded by several tragedies and books of verse. Later Lyrics," 1866; "From Sunset Ridge, Poems New and Old," 1898; and books of travel, social science, and biography are among her writings. Her "Battle Hymn of the Republic will last as long as the Civil War is remembered in history. It was written in 1861, after the author's observing, in the camps near Washington, the marching of the enthusiastic young soldiers to the song "John Brown's Body." Mrs. Howe's words were at once adopted and sung throughout the North.

HOWE, Mark Antony De Wolfe, b. Bristol, R. I., 1864. Educated at Lehigh and Harvard universities. Some of his works are : Shadows," 1897; "Phillips Brooks," 1899. Editor of "The Memory of Lincoln," 1899, and an associate editor on the staff of the "Youth's Companion."

HOWELL, Elizabeth (Lloyd), b. Philadelphia, Penn., 1811; d. Wernersville, Penn., 1896. Her family were Quakers, but she became an Episcopalian on her marriage, in 1853, to Robert Howell, of Philadelphia. Her poems, some of which appeared in The Wheatsheaf," 1852, are not numerous. The one given in this Anthology is the best known.

HOWELLS, Mildred, b. Cambridge, Mass., 187-. The younger daughter of William Dean Howells. Miss Howells as a child was introduced to the public through" A Little Girl among the Old Masters," unique drawings of her youthful impressions of early Italian art, with preface and comment by her father. She has since relied upon her own pen, as well as her pencil, for her artistic position.

HOWELLS, William Dean, novelist and poet, b. Martin's Ferry, Belmont Co., O., 1 Mar., 1837. He learned to set type at Hamilton, O., in the office of the paper his father edited. 1858 he became one of the editors of the Columbus Ohio State Journal." In 1860 he pub

In

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lished "Poems of Two Friends" (with John Piatt), and a life of Abraham Lincoln. He was U. S. consul at Venice, 1861-65. His "Venetian Life," 1866, at once brought him into repute, and from the date of its appearance he has maintained his eminent position among those authors to whose steadfast and meritorious labors the advances of American literature since the Civil War are mainly due. Italian Journeys" and a collection of his Poems" followed in 1867. After service on the New York Nation," he edited • The Atlantic Monthly," 1871-81; "The Editor's Study' " of "Harper's Magazine," 1886-91; and The Cosmopolitan," 1892. Among his works are "Suburban Sketches," 1868; No Love Lost, a Poem of Travel," 1868; Their Wedding Journey," 1871; A Chance Acquaintance,' 1873, and many subsequent novels; his first comedy, "The Parlor Car," 1876; A Little Girl among the Old Masters" (illustrated by his daughter Mildred), 1884; Tuscan Cities,' 1885; Poems," 1886; Modern Italian Poets," 1887; "A Traveller from Altruria," 1894; "My Literary Passion," 1895; "Stops of Various Quills," poems, 1895; Impressions and Experiences," autobiographical, 1896; "Landlord at Lion's Head," 1896; "A Parting and a Meeting," 1896; Previous Engagement," 1897. He has edited George Fuller: His Life and Works," 1886; 'Library of Universal Adventure, by Sea and Land" (with T. S. Perry), 1888; and the • Poems of George Pellew," 1892. Mr. Howells was unquestionably the founder of the latterday natural school of American fiction, in which truth to every-day life is given precedence, while rhetoric, forced situations, and the arts of the melodramatist are sedulously avoided. But pathos, genuine feeling, human nature, and a delicate vein of very characteristic humor are at his own command. His later writings have been pervaded by a lofty spirit of humanitarianism, tinged with the sadness of a heart deeply moved by the enigma of life and the unequal distributions of sorrow and welfare. [E. C. s.]

A

HOWELLS, Winifred, b. Venice, Italy, 1863; d. Mass., 1889. Eldest child of William Dean Howells. She was a girl of endearing beauty and promise, gifted with insight, and exhibiting the poet's sensitiveness and reserve. A few of her lyrics have been embodied in her father's touching and exquisitely written memorial of her life and character. (Cp. the sonnet by Mrs. Moulton, p. 811.)

HOWLAND, Edward, socialist, b. Charleston, S. C., 1832; d. Camp La Logia, Topolobampo Colony, Sinaloa, Mexico, 1890. He was a graduate of Harvard, and, after many years of business and literary pursuits, became interested in the socialistic movement which culminated in establishment of a colony in the Fuerte valley, to which he removed with his wife, the well-known writer and reformer, Marie Howland, in 1888. Mr. and Mrs. Howland

edited "The Credit Foncier of Sinaloa," the colony organ, at Hammonton, N. J., and in Mexico, from 1885 until his death.

HOYT, Ralph, clergyman and philanthropist, b. New York, N. Y., 1806; d. there, 1878. Entered the Protestant Episcopal ministry, 1842. Published "The Chant of Life, and Other Poems; ""Echoes of Memory and Emotion," poems, 1859; "Sketches of Life and Landscape," poems, 1852, new ed. 1873.

HUGHES, Rupert, b. Lancaster, Mo., 1872. He graduated at Adelbert College, Cleveland, O., and took a post-graduate course at Yale University. Has been on the editorial staffs of Godey's Magazine" and "The Criterion." His boy's book," The Lakerim Athletic Club,' appeared first in the "St. Nicholas," and was published in book form in 1899.

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HUTTON, Laurence, b. New York, N. Y., 8 Aug., 1843. Of Scottish descent. He began life as a merchant, but since 1870 has been an active and scholarly man of letters, delighting in the society of his colleagues, and full of poetic devotion to the traditions of authors and literature. He was dramatic critic of the N. Y. "Evening Mail," and edited the department of "Literary Notes" in "Harper's Magazine." Author of "Plays and Players," the unique series of "Literary Landmarks," which began with those of London, 1885, and have extended to 1898; 66 Artists of the Nineteenth Century," with Mrs. Waters. Editor of "The American Actor" series, 1881-82. Mr. Hutton of late years has been prominent in the literary activities of his native city, and was a founder of the Authors Club, and closely associated with Edwin Booth in the organization of "The Players," and a member of the Council of the Am. Copyright League. Is now resident at Princeton, N. J., and has given to its University his collection of the Life and Death Masks of celebrities.

"IDAS." - See John Elton Wayland.

INGALLS, John James, b. Middleton, Mass., 1833; d. 1900. After admission to the bar, he removed to Atchison, Kan., and edited the "Atchison Champion" from 1862 to 1865. He was elected to the State Senate, 1862, and to the United States Senate, 1873, 1879, 1885.

INGHAM, John Hall, lawyer, b. Philadelphia, Penn., 1860. His poems contributed to magazines have never been published in collective form.

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JACKSON, Helen Maria (Fiske), H.," b. Amherst, Mass., 18 Oct., 1831; d. San Francisco, Cal., 12 Aug., 1885. She was educated at Ipswich, Mass., and married at twentyone to Captain Edward Hunt, U. S. army, who died in 1863. In 1875 she became the wife of William S. Jackson, a banker of Colorado Springs. In 1883 she received the appointment of special examiner into the condition of the Mission Indians of California, her book, "A Century of Dishonor," in behalf of the Indians, having appeared in 1881. Her novel, "Raon the same subject, followed in 1884. Two other novels," Mercy Philbrick's Choice," 1876, and "Hetty's Strange History," 1877, had been published in the No Name" series; Verses by H. H.," in 1870; Sonnets and Lyrics," in 1876. She is thought to have written some if not most of the Saxe Holm Stories," published in Scribner's Monthly' and afterwards in two volumes.

mona,

JAMES, Alice Archer (Sewall), illustrator, b. Glendale, Ohio, 187-. Daughter of Frank Sewall, q. v. Studied art in the foreign capitals and at Washington. Author of "Ode to Girlhood, and Other Poems," 1899.

JANVIER, Margaret Thomson, "Margaret Vandegrift," b. New Orleans, La., 1845. A sister of Thomas A. Janvier. Among her books for children are: "Under the Dog-Star," 1881; "The Absent-Minded Fairy, and Other Verses," 1883; "The Dead Doll, and Other Verses," 1888. The beautiful dramatic lyric given in this volume has been refused publication in the "Century," Atlantic," Harper's," and other leading periodicals -on what grounds of either criticism or policy it might be difficult for a lover of genuine poetry to determine. [E. C. S.]

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JENNISON, Lucy White, "Owen Innsley," b. Newton, Mass., 1850. She is the daughter of Samuel Jennison, of Boston, in which city she received her education. She has resided in Italy for a number of years. Author of "Love Poems and Sonnets," 1882, and of many contributions to periodicals.

JEWETT, Sophie, "Ellen Burroughs," educator, b. Moravia. N. Y., 1861. Has resided chiefly in Buffalo. Since 1889 has been teaching in Wellesley College, where she is an associate professor in the department of English

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literature. Author of The Pilgrim, and Other Poems," 1896.

"JOHNSON, Benj. F., of Boone." - See James Whitcomb Riley.

JOHNSON, Charles Frederick, b. New York, N. Y., 1836. He was graduated from Yale at the age of nineteen, and is the distinguished professor of English literature at Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. He has written "Three Americans and Three Englishmen." lectures, 1886; English Words," 1891; "What can Í do for Brady, and Other Verse," 1897.

JOHNSON, Robert Underwood, b. Washington, D. C., 12 Jan., 1853. Graduated at Earlham College, Ind. Joined the staff of the " Century Magazine," 1873, and became associate editor, 1881. Edited, with Clarence C. Buel, the Century war series and the resulting volumes entitled "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," 1887-88, and persuaded Gen. Grant to write his memoirs. For his services, as secretary of the American Copyright League, in behalf of the passage of the International Copyright bill of 1891, Mr. Johnson was decorated by the French and Italian governments.

The Winter Hour, and Other Poems," 1891; "Songs of Liberty, and Other Poems," 1897.

JOHNSON, Rossiter, man of letters, b. Rochester, N. Y., 27 Jan., 1840. A graduate of the University of Rochester. He was associate editor of the Rochester "Democrat," 1864-68, and editor of the Concord, N. H., "Statesman," 1869-72. Since 1872 he has resided chiefly in New York City, where he has taken a leading part in the work and convocations of the literary guild. With John Denison Champlin and George Cary Eggleston he edited with great success the costly and unique book issued by the Authors Club, "Liber Scrip torum," 1893. Author of "Phaeton Rogers," a story for boys, 1881; "Idler and Poet,' poems, 1833; "A History of the War of Secession," 1883; Three Decades," verse, 1895. Editor of "Famous Single Poems; PlayDay Poems;" the series, Little Classics," 18 vols. 1874-77; and Appleton's "Annual Cyclopædia," from 1883.

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JOHNSON, Samuel, clergyman, b. Salem, Mass., 1822; d. North Andover, Mass., 1882. He was a graduate of Harvard, and became pastor of a Unitarian church at Salem, Mass. He edited, with Samuel Longfellow, "Hymns for Public and Private Devotion," 1846, and was himself a writer of religious verse, also publishing several works on Oriental theology.

JOHNSON, William Martin, physician, b. about 1771; d. Jamaica, L. I., N. Y., 1797. Specimens of his poems appeared in articles contributed by J. H. Payne to the Democratic Review," 1838.

JORDAN, David Starr, naturalist and educator, b. Gainesville, N. Y., 1851. A graduate of Cornell University. Dr. Jordan was president of the Indiana University, 1885-91, and resigned to become president of the Leland