66

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under a new master. He was an acknowledged leader among his schoolmates, and in 1824 became lieutenant of the Richmond Junior Volunteers. He was usually at the head of his classes, learning without effort, and constantly writing verses, sometimes in Latin. In athletics he was foremost of the boys, renowned especially for his feats of swimming. He entered, 1826, the University of Virginia, where his scholarship was satisfactory, but where a fondness for excitants seems to have taken hold of him never to relinquish its grasp. Mr. Allan refused to honor his debts, but started him in a commercial career. The prospect was not attractive to the young man, and he ran away to Boston, enlisting in the army, 1827, under the alias Edgar Perry." He seems to have devoted his spare time to literature, and in the summer of the war published a pamphlet entitled "Tamerlane and Other Poems, by a Bostonian.' In 1829 his second publication appeared, "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems," under his own name. In 1830 he entered West Point, but within the next year brought about his own expulsion. At the same time, in 1831, obtaining subscriptions from his mates, he issued a volume of "Poems." After the death of his patroness, Mrs. Allan, and the remarriage of her husband, Poe had no hope of further assistance from the latter. He went to Baltimore, living with his aunt, Mrs. Clemm. His first bit of good fortune was in 1833, when the "Saturday Visitor" awarded him a prize of $100 for the MS. Found in a Bottle." In 1835 T. W. White, the editor of "The Southern Literary Messenger," gave him some remunerative employment. In 1836 he mar ried his cousin Virginia Clemm, a girl of thirteen. In 1837 he went to New York, and in the next year the Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym was brought out. He then removed to Philadelphia, contributed to many periodicals, and published The Conchologist's First Book." Shifting to New York again, he beGentlecame associate editor of Burton's man's Magazine," 1839. His connection with the paper lasted one year. His stories were collected, 1840, under the title Tales of the Arabesque and Grotesque," and in 1843 "The Prose Romances of Edgar A. Poe " appeared, and met with favor. He continued to contribute to the periodicals, notably a succession of critical and personal sketches of contemporary American authors, and had intervals of energy and hopefulness, alternating with attacks of inebriation and despondency. In 1845 a volume of " "Tales and "The Raven and Other Poems" appeared. The Raven was copied everywhere, and Poe suddenly found himself the most talked-of writer of the day. He seems never to have abandoned the hope of publishing a magazine of his own. In 1846 he moved to a cottage at Fordham with his wife, who was dangerously ill with consumption, and in January of the next year she died. In 1848 "Eureka; a Prose Poem " was published. In the summer of 1849 he revisited Richmond,

where he lectured with success, was socially well received, and regained his vagrant hopefulness. He left in September, starting north, but did not get beyond Baltimore. There he was taken to the Washington Hospital in a stupor, and died after four days of delirium. From that time the world has mourned the untimely end of a man of genius, who struggled ineffectually against the recurrent habits that destroyed him. His work, for all its charm and its wonder, is the uneven and unfulfilled suggestion of what might have been. Rufus Wilmot Griswold, whom the poet made his literary executor, promptly brought together his Tales, Poems, and Essays" in three volumes, 1850; and a fourth volume, containing "Arthur Gordon Pym and Miscellanies," was added in 1856. Since then Poe's writings have been repeatedly translated into French, German, Italian, etc., and many editions in English have been published. The definitive edition in ten volumes, edited and rearranged by Stedman and Woodberry, with memoir, bibliography, critical introductions, and variorum text of the poems, appeared in 1894-95. From the present condensed note, most important details of an exceptional career are necessarily absent. For an inclusive and critical review of the most famous Southern poet, essayist, and romancer, ep. Poets of America," chap. vii. [B. D. L.]

POLLOCK, Edward, b. Philadelphia, Penn., 1823; d. San Francisco, Cal., 1858. When a child he worked in a cotton factory, and at fourteen became a sign-painter's apprentice. In 1852 he went to California, where he was admitted to the bar. He wrote for the "San Francisco Pioneer," and in 1876 his poems were collected posthumously.

PRATT, Anna Maria, b. Chelsea, Mass., 18-. For some years engaged in teaching. A resident of Cleveland, Ohio. Has written chiefly for children's periodicals. Author of 'Little Rhymes for Little People," 1896.

PRESTON, Margaret (Junkin) b. Philadelphia, Penn., 1820; d. Baltimore, Md., 1897. Her father, Rev. Dr. Junkin, was founder of Lafayette College. In 1848 he was made president of Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va., which place became the daughter's home. She had written considerably when, in 1857, she was married to Col. John T. L. Preston. Her books of verse include Beechenbrook, a Rhyme of the War," 1866; "Old Songs and New, 1870; Cartoons," "For 1875; Love's Sake," 1887; and "Colonial Ballads, Sonnets, and Other Verse," 1887. Among her

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other works are "The Young Ruler's Question; Silverwood," a novel; and "A Handful of Monographs."

PROCTOR, Edna Dean, b. Henniker, N. H., 1838. She has made her home in Concord, N. H, Brooklyn, N. Y., and South Framingham, Mass., spending much time in Europe. Author of "Poems," 1866; A Russian Journey," 1872; "The Song of the Ancient People," 1892.

PROUDFIT, David Law, b. Newburgh, N. Y., 1842; d. New York, N. Y., 1897. He enlisted in the U. S. army at the outbreak of the Civil War, and became a major. Afterwards in business in New York City. He was induced to adopt a pseudonym, "Peleg Arkwright," which he later discarded. Author of "Love among the Gamins," 1877; "The Man from the West," " Mask and Domino," poems,

1888.

PULLEN, Elisabeth (Jones), (Elisabeth Cavazza), b. Portland, Me., 18-. Daughter of Charles Jones, a merchant of that city, where she has always resided. She was first married to Nino Cavazza, an Italian gentleman. Her second husband is Stanley T. Pullen, a journalist and financier of Portland. For several years Mrs. Pullen was a staff writer for the "Literary World" of Boston. Her contributions of verse and prose to the periodicals have been not numerous, but of a very high order. Her metrical satires, Algernon in London " and Algernon the Footstool-Bearer," published in the Portland Transcript' some years ago, attracted wide attention. Some of her short stories were issued as "Don Finimondone: Italian Sketches," 1892.

PULLEN, Eugene Henry, b. Baltimore, Md., 1832; d. Brooklyn, 1899. He was vicepresident of the National Bank of the Republic" of New York, president of the "American Bankers' Association," 1895-96. His "Now I lay me down to Sleep," p. 470, was published many years before Eugene Field's poem, p. 527, on the same theme.

RANDALL, James Ryder, journalist, b. Baltimore, Md., 1839. He was a student at Georgetown College, D. C.; was afterwards connected with the New Orleans "Sunday Delta." At Poydras College, La.. he composed, in 1861, the battle-hymn Maryland, My Maryland!" In 1866 Mr. Randall became editor-in-chief of the Augusta, Ga., "Constitutionalist," and more recently was a member of the staff of the Baltimore "American." He is now a press correspondent at Washington and Augusta. His poems, appearing in various periodicals and compilations, are uncollected.

RANDOLPH, Anson Davies Fitz, publisher, b. Woodbridge, N. J., 1820; d. Westhampton, L. I., N. Y., 1896. He conducted a publishing house in New York, over his own name, from 1851 to his death. Hopefully Waiting, and Other Verses," 1867 (enlarged

edition, 1885), is a collection of his religious poetry. Its title-poem is widely familiar.

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RANKIN, Jeremiah Eames, educator, b. Thornton, N. H., 1828. He graduated at Middlebury College, and entered the Congregational ministry. He became president of Howard University, Washington, in 1889. Some of Dr. Rankin's hymns have found place in the religious collections. Beside his prose volumes, he is the author of "Auld Scotch Mither, and Other Poems," 1873; "Ingleside Rhaims," 1887; Broken Cadences," 1889; "Hymns Pro Patria," 1889; and "German-English Lyrics," 1897. Stanzas of Dr. Rankin's charming little lyric" The Babie " have been wrongly but not unnaturally attributed by collectors to the pen of Hugh Miller, the Scottish geologist, and the error was repeated by the present editor in the early editions of his "Victorian Anthology.' For this mistake he now makes amends. The poem has been expunged from the last-named collection and now appears, on page 296 of this volume, accredited to its veritable author.

"RAYMOND, Grace.". - See Annie Ray

mond Stillman.

READ, Thomas Buchanan, artist, b. Chester Co., Penn., 12 March, 1822; d. New York, N. Y., 11 May, 1872. He studied portrait painting as a specialty, and practised his art in various Eastern cities. For several years his studies were carried on at Rome, which city he revisited later in life. Mr. Read was chiefly identified with Philadelphia, where he brought out his first volume" of Poems," in 1847. Beside editing a well-known collection of verse, "The Female Poets of America," 1848, illustrated by engravings from his own portraits, he published Pastoral, 1855; "The Wagoner of the Allehis "Lays and Ballads," 1848; The New ghanies," 1862; and "A Summer Story, Sheridan's Ride, and Other Poems," 1865.

near

REALF, Richard, b. Framfield, Lewes, Sussex, England, 1834; d. by his own hand, Oakland, Cal., 1878. He wrote verses when about fifteen, and won the regard of the poet Rogers, Miss Mitford, Miss Martineau, and of Lady Byron, who made him steward on one of her estates. His first volume of poems, "Guesses at the Beautiful," London, 1852, was edited by Thackeray's nephew Charles de la Pryme. In 1854 he emigrated to Kansas, and, removing to New York, was an assistant at the Five Points House of Industry, 1855-56. He seconded the plans of John Brown, and just before the outbreak at Harper's Ferry went to Europe to give lectures in behalf of the antislavery movement. He enlisted in the Union army, and was commended for gallantry at Chickamauga and elsewhere. A posthumous edition of his poems, with a memoir by his loyal friend and executor, Colonel Richard J. Hinton, appeared in 1899.

REESE, Lizette Woodworth, b. Waverly, Md., 186-. Early removed to Baltimore, which place has since been her residence. Author of

RICE, Wallace, "Cecil de Groot," b. Hamilton, Canada, 1859, of American parentage. Educated at Harvard, Class of 1883. Since 1890 has been engaged in critical as well as creative literary work: "Under the Stars, and Other Songs of the Sea" (Barrett Eastman, collaborator), 1898; 'Heroic Deeds,' prose and verse, 1898; "Flying Sands," verse, 1898. Later, "Ballads of Valor and Victory," (Clinton Scollard, collaborator); "Great Travellers." Also editor of "Poems," 1898, by Francis Brooks, and " 'Poems," by Rudyard Kipling.

RICHARDS, Laura Elizabeth, b. Boston, Mass., 185. The daughter of Samuel G. and Julia Ward Howe. In 1871 she married Henry Richards, of Gardiner, Me., where she afterwards resided. Author of successful books for children in prose and verse, and of poems and other contributions to the magazines.

RICHARDSON, Charles Francis, b. Hallowell, Me., 1851. He graduated at Dartmouth College, where he was appointed professor of English literature in 1882, having served on the editorial staff of the "Independent" from 1872-78. His books include the valued" Primer of American Literature," 1878, enlarged, 1896; "The Cross," verse, 1879; "The Choice of Books," 1881; an important" History of American Literature," 2 vols., 1887-89; "The End of the Beginning," fiction, 1896.

RICHARDSON, George Lynde, Williams College, Class of 1888.

RILEY, James Whitcomb, "Benj. F. Johnson of Boone," b. Greenfield, Ind., 1853. His father, an attorney of Greenfield, intended that his son should follow his own profession, but the latter tired of study and joined a patent-medicine travelling wagon. After various experiences as sign-painter, actor, etc., he returned and began newspaper work on a Greenfield paper. He began contributing verse to the Indianapolis papers in 1873, and secured a position on the "Journal of that city, where he has since resided. More recently he has given readings from his poetry in all parts of the country with more than usual success. His first book of verse in the Hoosier " dialect,

The

Old Swimmin'-Hole, and 'Leven More Poems," 1883, has been followed by a series of volumes, the humor, pathos, originality, and natural sentiment of which have particularly endeared him to his countrymen. Afterwhiles," 1888; "Old-Fashioned Roses," 1888; "Pipes o' Pan at Zekesbury," 1889; "Rhymes of Childhood," 1890; "Flying Islands of the Night," 1891;

ROBINSON, Edwin Arlington, b. Head Tide, Me., 1869. Now a resident of New York City. Engaged in literary pursuits. His poetry has an individual cast, and is contained, thus far, in his two collections "The Torrent and the Night Before," 1896; "The Children of the Night," 1897.

ROBINSON, Lucy Catlin (Bull), b. Hartford, Conn., 186-. With the exception of two years in Paris, she has lived in New York since 1891. Author of "A Child's Poems," composed in her tenth year, and published with a preface by her mother. This unique volume gained critical attention, and was reviewed by the late Mr. Dennett, of "The Nation," as written by "One of America's Pet Marjories." In 1899 she was married to the poet Tracy Robinson of Colon, Panama, and accompanied her husband to the tropics.

ROBINSON, Tracy, b. Clarendon, N. Y., 1833. He was educated at Rochester University, and was an official of railways in Tennessee and Louisiana until 1861, when he became connected with the Panama railroad, and removed to Colon, Panama. He has published "Song of the Palm and Other Poems," 1889, and contributed poems to the New York magazines.

ROCHE, James Jeffrey, b. Queen's Co., Ireland, 1847. His early life was passed in Prince Edward Island and at St. Dunstan's College. He has edited the Boston "Pilot" since 1890, and published "Songs and Satires," 1887; "Life of John Boyle O'Reilly," 1891; Ballads of Blue Water, 1895; The Vase and Other Bric-a-Brac," 1900.

ROGÉ, Madame. - See Charlotte (Fiske) Bates.

ROGERS, Robert Cameron, b. Buffalo, N. Y., 1862. Son of the late Sherman S. Rogers, a noted lawyer of Buffalo. Graduated at Yale, and afterwards resided in his native city, and at Santa Barbara, Cal., engaged in literary work. Author of two books of fiction, "Will o' the Wasp: a Sea Yarn of the War of 1812," and "Old Dorset: Chronicles of a New York Country Side." His poems have been collected and published as The Wind in the

66

Clearing, and Other Poems," 1895; "For the King, and Other Poems," 1899.

ROLLINS, Alice Marland (Wellington), b. Boston, Mass., 1847; d. Lawrence Park, Bronxville, N. Y., 1897. She received instruction from her father, Ambrose Wellington, visited Europe, and in 1876 was married to Daniel M. Rollins, of New York City. She wrote "The Ring of Amethyst," poems, 1878; "My Welcome Beyond, and Other Poems," "The Story of a Ranch," 1885; "Uncle Tom's Tenement," 1888, and several books of travel, and was an efficient and favorite member of the N. Y. literary circles.

ROONEY, John Jerome, broker, b. Binghamton, N. Y., 1866. Educated at Mt. St. Mary's College. He has devoted much time to journalistic work. His spirited poems relating to the phases and incidents of the SpanishAmerican war are a feature of its literature.

ROSENBERG, James Naumburg, Columbia University, Class of 1895.

ROSENFELD, Morris, b. Boksha, Poland, 1861. Born of humble parents, he received the education that is given to Jewish boys of like origin. Some years ago, he came to this country, and supported himself in the sweat-shops of New York City. Although well-read in German and English literature, he is master only of his native tongue-Yiddish. Mr. Rosenfeld was first known in literary circles by his "Songs from the Ghetto," translated by Leo Wiener, 1898. These songs, at once spontaneous, simple, and pathetic, are fraught with the desolation and despair of life in the Jewish slums. The poem included in this Anthology was the first written in English by its author.

RUNKLE, Bertha Brooks, b. Berkeley Heights, N. J., 18-. Daughter of the distinguished critic and journalist, Mrs. Lucia Gilbert Runkle. Her serial romance, "The Helmet of Navarre," appeared in "The Century Magazine," 1900.

RUSSELL, Irwin, b. Port Gibson, Miss., 1853; d. New Orleans, La., 1879. Among Southern writers he was one of the first to introduce the negro character to metrical literature. After his early death, his verse was collected, and published as "Poems," 1888.

RYAN, Abram Joseph, “Father Ryan," b. Norfolk, Va., 1839; d. Louisville, Ky., 1886. He was a Catholic priest and chaplain in the Confederate army, editor of several religious periodicals, and pastor of a church in Mobile, Ala. The title-piece of his volume. "The Conquered Banner, and Other Poems," 1880, was written soon after Lee's surrender. He also published "Poems, Patriotic, Religious, and Miscellaneous," 1880, and "A Crown for Our Queen," 1882. He died before completing his "Life of Christ."

"RYAN, Father." Ryan.

See Abram Joseph

SALTUS, Francis Saltus, b. New York, N. Y., 1849; d. Tarrytown, N. Y., 1889. Educated in his native city and at the Roblot Institution, Paris. He was an extensive traveller and mastered many languages. His first volume of verse," Honey and Gall," was published in 1873. A posthumous edition of his metrical works, in four volumes, was edited by his father, Francis H. Saltus. He left many writings which have not yet seen the light, among which is said to be a noteworthy life of Donizetti.

SANBORN, Franklin Benjamin, b. Hampton Falls, N. H., 1831. A graduate of Harvard, 1855. The next year he was elected secretary of the Mass. state Kansas committee. In 1866 he began his continued service as literary correspondent of the Springfield "Republican," chiefly from Boston and Concord. Mr. Sanborn has been closely identified with, and often the inaugurator of, various social and political reforms. He was one of the founders of the American Social Science Association and of the Concord School of Philosophy. He has written biographies of Thoreau, Emerson, Alcott, Dr. Earle, and John Brown, and with the latter was closely associated at historic periods of his career. The first two lines of the sonnet "Ariana," given in this Anthology, were written by A. B. Alcott, at whose request Mr. Sanborn perfected the tribute to his own wife.

Co

SANDS, Robert Charles, journalist, b. Flatbush, L. I., 1799; d. Hoboken, N. J., 1832. Graduating from Columbia, 1815, he took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar, but practised only a few years. From early boyhood devoted to literature, both as a reader and writer, Mr. Sands had connections with several distinguished authors. He was editor with W. C. Bryant of the N. Y. "Review," 1825-27, and issued with Bryant and Verplanck theTalisman," 1828-30. He was on the staff of the N. Y. "Commercial Advertiser " from 1827 until his death. His life of Paul Jones was published in 1831, and a posthumous edition of his collected "Writings,' with a memoir by G. C. Verplanck, in 1834. Mr. Sands was cut down in the early prime of a notable career.