decreasing in numbers, not through lack of virility, but in consequence of the spread of education and the efforts of the various missions, who secure low-caste people and raise their status much more easily than is possible with the higher castes.

As this caste alone will undertake scavenging work the problem of sanitation becomes yearly more and more difficult. The sweeper, knowing his value, has banded himself into a most powerful Trade Union, by means of which he is able to intimidate not only his hereditary employer, but also the municipality. He has learned that with British-made laws he can work or play as he thinks fit, and consequently the comfort, health, and even the lives of the people are to a very large extent at his mercy.

All solid refuse matter is received at depots known as a "Dalaos," from the Urdu word "Dalna," to deposit, and from such places it is taken by bullock-drawn carts to trenching grounds outside the city, which are cultivated in rotation. This system leaves much to be desired, and, although to the land is returned that which comes from it, the cycle stands condemned when dealing with large communities.

Palliatives have been tried. I wanted to introduce a system of hoppers which obviated all handling of the refuse, but it was never seriously taken up. Mechanical traction for quickly removing the refuse matter from the city is now being considered, but the only solution will be the provision of a water-borne system of sewage disposal and the erection of refuse destructor.

Until these are introduced and the people have been educated to understand that the streets are not dumping grounds for refuse, and the open drains not elongated receptacles for filth, the sanitation of Delhi will not be as perfect as the authorities desire it to be. The sanitary superintendent has a thankless task in keeping together his wayward and undisciplined battalion 1,000 strong of city sweepers and bhishties.

Roads.-The roads inside the city may be summarised as follows:1st class, 10.2 miles; 2nd class, 4-25; 3rd class, 11-2; 4th class, 40-4. Total, 66 05 miles.

The total length of roads in the Civil Station and the roads connecting the city with the suburbs (all first class roads) is 29.57 miles.

The suburban roads are as follows: 1st class, 7.58 miles; 2nd class, 74; 3rd and 4th class, 24-4. Total, 32.72 miles.

A grand total of 128.34 miles.

The roads of the first three classes are constructed of either lime stone, known as "Kunkar," or the local ridge stone, broken to proper size and known as "Rori."

First Class roads comprise all the important thoroughfares within municipal limits. Second Class roads comprise all the narrow carriage ways linking up roads of the first class. Third Class roads comprise all narrow roads for wheeled traffic from roads of the second class, and leading chiefly to roads of the fourth class, which consist entirely of narrow roads, over which vehicular traffic is impossible. Most of the roads of the fourth class are paved with Delhi stone setts.

The important roads are lighted by electricity, and a complete system of electric tramways traverses the city and links up the distant suburbs. Delhi is well provided with gardens, which, apart from their charm, form excellent lungs. They are owned by the municipality, and are in the charge of an English superintendent of gardens.

The Municipal Central Hospital is a large and important institution. The work of medical relief is very extensive, as municipal dispensaries exist in many parts of the city.

A veterinary municipal hospital has recently been erected, where much excellent work has been done to relieve the sufferings of all kinds of domestic animals.

The slaughter-house, vegetable market and minor markets are under municipal control. With the rapid growth of the population and the increasing importance of the city, additional and more extensive markets must be provided, and the existing markets will have to be reconstructed on improved lines.

The municipality possess much valuable land and many properties, including the central police stations and all other police sub-stations throughout the city, fifteen in number.

As a safeguard against destructive fires, two of Messrs. Merryweather and Co.'s engines have recently been purchased and housed in a new central fire brigade station, in connection with which quarters for the engineers and the brigade have also been built.

The Town Hall is a very fine building, the Durbar Hall, in which the city fathers meet, being one of the finest in India. In front is a statue of the late Queen Victoria.

In front of the statue, and standing in the middle of the main street of Delhi, the world-famous Chandni Chowk, is a clock tower with four faces and a chime of bells.

Delhi of to-day has gone far along the road of municipal management and amenities, and has studied the health and comfort of her citizens; but the age of British administration has been one of efficiency and utility rather than of beauty, and we have added no great building of architec

tural pretensions which can stand beside the great masterpieces bequeathed by our predecessors.

Delhi is again to take her stand as an Imperial city, and Phoenix-like from the ashes and ruins of past cities the piles are to rise which are to hold the Viceroy of our sovereign, and the councillors and machinery by which the great continent of India, with its millions of inhabitants, is governed.

The task of the town planners of the Imperial capital would appear to be to build not only a city which will set the high-water mark for India for the tide of municipal perfection and sanitation, but one which in stately beauty will also outrival both the massive grandeur of old Taglak's city and the inlaid magnificence of the Moghal palaces in the Fort.

The Selection, Arrangement, and Fixing of Sanitary Fittings, by THE GENERAL COUNCIL FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTRATION OF PLUMBERS.

LL sanitary fittings should be so constructed that any part that is likely to get fouled and become a nuisance should be easily accessible for cleansing. No sanitary fittings are absolutely self-cleansing, whatever flushing arrangements are applied to them.

There are principally three types of water-closets which may be relied upon as satisfactory under varying conditions, the improved valve closet, the syphonic, and the washdown pedestal. The valve closet, notwithstanding the prejudice still existing, principally on account of its ancient origin and ignorance of the great improvements which have been introduced during recent years, is still held by those who are competent to judge as one of the water-closets that can safely be used where the best class of fittings are required. It is important, however, that the basin should have a slop top, and the side and back rails and capping in front of the seat, bedded on the edge of the slop top watertight.

A still further improvement are those valve apparatus with white porcelain enclosures, the whole being, with the exception of the lifting seat, non-absorbent. Other important features of the valve closet are an accessible overflow which can be easily cleaned at all times, and the valve box should be porcelain enamelled and ventilated by a pipe taken through the external wall.

It is essential that a valve closet should have an ample water supply, but it does not follow that it is necessary to use more than the usual quantity. The best arrangement is a 14-in. supply valve under the seat, with a 14-in. service pipe connected to a small intermediate cistern about ten or twelve feet above the apparatus. When fitted up in this way the flush is ample, comparatively quiet, and effective. The attempt to flush a valve closet by a two-gallon syphon-action cistern always gives very unsatisfactory results. Where the water supply is regulated by a water authority, the best plan is to use a waste-preventing supply valve; many of these are fitted with a flush and after-flush arrangement which answers very well.

It is because a syphon cistern is not suitable for this class of fitting that certain water authorities are making the attempt to prohibit the use of valve closets. This should be firmly resisted, not only on account of the admirable qualities of the fittings, but because everyone who has had

considerable experience in these matters knows that the valve closet is most economical in the use of water, as there is no inducement to waste, and it makes most effective use of a small quantity of water when properly applied.

It is claimed for the syphonic class of water-closets that they possess all the advantages of the valve closets, but avoid the disadvantages. One of the most valuable features of the valve water-closet is the large body and area of water in the basin, consequently when the pedestal form of washdown water-closet was introduced it was found that under ordinary conditions the amount and area of water in the basin was small, resulting generally in a large amount of fouled surface which cannot be cleaned by ordinary flushing. With the object therefore of retaining the washdown and pedestal form, and providing a large water area, the syphonic action is adapted in order to discharge the contents of the basin by means of a reasonable amount of water.

There are several kinds of syphon action water-closets, but they depend principally on three methods for setting up the syphonic action. One is that in addition to the flush into the basin, a part of the water is directed into the outlet shaft which forms the long leg of the syphon. This jet of water drives out the air, and also produces an exhaustive action which causes the contents of the basin to be discharged by syphonic force. This kind of water-closet is usually fitted with a second trap, that is to say, in addition to the trap which is formed in the basin, a trap of a self-cleansing kind is fixed at the bottom of the outlet shaft where it joins the branch soil pipe. To this shaft are attached two small ventilating pipes, one at the bottom and one at the top of the shaft, and these should always be taken through the external wall into the open air; because if they terminate inside the apartment they discharge foul air into the house, or if they are connected to the branch or main ventilating pipe, they render the trap in connection with the soil pipe useless, because they convey back to the outlet shaft the drain air which the trap is designed to hold back.

Another class of syphonic water-closet depends for its syphonic action upon a somewhat different principle. While the one described above will work with or without the second trap, in this case a second trap is necessary. The reason is that the syphonic action is set up almost completely by an exhaustive action, which is produced by means of a small exhaust chamber inserted in the flushing pipe. A small air tube connects the exhaust with the top of the outlet shaft of the basin, so that when the flushing water is discharged from the syphon cistern, or other appar