A predicate consisting of two or more connected predicates having the same subject is called compound. A compound predicate is a predicate consisting of two or more connected predicates having the same subject. Both subject and predicate may be compound; thus, Mary and Susan came but returned.

EXERCISE 5

Separate the following sentences into subject and predicate. Tell which subjects and which predicates are compound.

Model for written exercise:

Jane and Martha | sang and played for us.

1. An archer and a trumpeter were traveling together.

2. The archer boasted of his skill and made fun of the trumpeter.

3. He drew out an arrow and shot an eagle hovering over the tree-tops.

4. A robber and his band were seen approaching with drawn swords.

5. The archer discharged an arrow and laid low the leader of the band.

6. The rest soon overpowered the archer and bound his hands. 7. The purse and wallet of the trumpeter were taken away.

8. The trumpeter said nothing but began to play on his horn. 9. He blew long and loud.

10. The guards of the king heard the blast, surrounded the band, and carried them off to prison.

Order of Subject and Predicate

10. Natural Order.- Examine these sentences:

One thing

Sir Percival

Which of you

The great bell above

pleased me.

hailed the porter.

will lend us a hand?

rang wildly out.

The subject of each of the foregoing sentences precedes the predicate. This is the natural position of the subject and predicate. Hence, when the subject precedes the predicate, the order is said to be natural. 11. Inverted Order.- Examine these sentences:

Next came the boys. Stand ye here, my braves. You will note that in the first of the foregoing sentences the subject follows the predicate; that in the second the subject stands between the parts of the predicate. When the subject follows the predicate or stands between the parts of the predicate, the order is said to be inverted.

An inverted declarative sentence is often introduced by the word there; as,

There were many present. (Many were present.)

The word there, when used to introduce a sentence, is called an expletive, a term meaning "something that fills out."

In the interrogative sentence the inverted order is almost the rule. Note these examples:

When shall we go? (We shall go when?)

Have they called yet? (They have called yet?)

EXERCISE 6

(1) Tell whether the order of the following sentences is natural or inverted, and restore each inverted sentence to its natural order:

(2) Separate the following sentences into subject and

predicate:

1. How beautiful is youth!

2. Trifles make the life of man.

3. Out of the bay rose the billows.

4. There's nothing so kingly as kindness.

5. Many talk like philosophers and live like fools.

6. One of the sublimest things in the world is plain truth.

7. A dew drop on the infant plant has warped the giant oak for

ever.

8. Under the spreading chestnut tree

The village smithy stands.

9. He goes on Sunday to the church,
And sits among his boys.

10. Every evening from thy feet

Shall the cool wind kiss the heat.

11. Behind him lay the gray Azores,
Behind the Gates of Hercules.

12. At midnight, in the month of June,
I stand beneath the mystic moon.

We have seen (1) that a sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought. Hence, the fundamental, or simplest, units of a sentence are words. Later we shall see how, within the sentence, words are often joined with other related words into larger units, which have the use, or function, of a single word in the sentence.

Naturally, then, in the study of the units of a sentence, we shall begin with words. After this, we shall study the larger sentence units composed of groups of words.

CHAPTER II

PARTS OF SPEECH

12. Parts of Speech Defined. Note this sentence:

James returned yesterday.

In the foregoing sentence, as in all sentences, each word has a certain use, or function. For example, James is used as a name; returned tells what he did; yesterday tells when he returned. The classes into which words are divided according to their use, or function, in the sentence are called the parts of speech.

The parts of speech are the classes into which words are divided according to their use, or function, in the sentence.

While there are many thousands of words in our language, there are only eight parts of speech; namely, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.

13. Nouns. Words like man, horse, tree, hill, valley, are used as names. A word of this kind may name: (1) A person; as, John, Mary, aunt, teacher.

(2) A place; as, Louisville, California.

(3) A thing; as, cow, book, army, sleep, honesty, song. The name of anything is called a noun, a term meaning "name."

A noun is the name of anything.

EXERCISE 7

(1) Bring to the class a list of the names of ten persons, ten places, and ten things.

(2) Point out the nouns in the following sentences:

1. Ruth left her book at school.

2. Spring is the year's pleasant king.

3. The good knight admired the little boy.
4. George's father has bought an automobile.

5. Life is earnest and the grave is not its goal.

6. The year's at the spring and the day's at the morn. 7. The dishonest mayor of Hamelin refused to pay the piper. 8. Mary's cousin Walter has returned to his home in the city. 9. De Soto sought to awe the Indians by claiming to be one of the gods.

10. The noblest men who live on earth are men whose hands are brown with toil.

14. Pronouns.

Words like he, his, him, she, her, hers, are not names; they are only substitutes for names. For example, if we say "John loves his brother," the word his does not name any one; it merely takes the place of the noun John's. The sentence would sound very awkward if we should say "John loves John's brother." A word used instead of a noun is called a pronoun, a term meaning "for a noun."

A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

Both nouns and pronouns are also called substantives, a term meaning "something self-existent," or "something that we think about."

EXERCISE 8

(1) Tell whether the following words are nouns or