99. Words or Groups of Words Used as Nouns.—Words, also groups of words, not properly classed as nouns, often have the grammatical use, or case-construction, of nouns. These instances may be noted: (1) Pronouns: Lend me a pencil. (2) Adjectives: Love the beautiful. (3) Adverbs: We start from here. tion.)

(Indirect object.)

(Direct object.) (With a preposi

(Subject.)

(4) Infinitives: To forgive is divine.
(5) Gerunds: I'm tired of sitting here.

preposition.)

(With a

(6) Words referred to merely as words: Erase the

and. (Direct object.)

(7) Phrases: It ran from under the house. preposition.)

(8) Clauses: Do you know who called? object.)

(With a

(Direct

We have learned (14) that nouns and pronouns are called substantives. The gerund, which always has the grammatical use of a noun, is also a substantive. An adjective, an adverb, an infinitive, a phrase, or a clause, when it has the grammatical use of a noun, is said to be used substantively.

EXERCISE 71

Point out the words or groups of words not properly classed as nouns but having the grammatical use of a noun, and classify each:

1. He waited until then.
2. She misspelled separate.
3. "Too late!" was his cry.
4. Now is the accepted time.
5. To bear is to conquer our fate.
6. Let the dead Past bury its dead.

7. He has his heart set on doing good.

8. To be happy here is man's chief end.

9. The eyes of the Lord are upon the righteous.

10. What is food to one man may be fierce poison to another. 11. No man can enjoy happiness without thinking that he enjoys it. 12. Our todays and yesterdays

Are the blocks with which we build.

EXERCISE 72
(Review)

(1) Supply capital letters where they are needed and give a reason for each:

(2) Tell why the italicized nouns are capitalized:

(3) Tell why the italicized words are not capitalized:

1. My sister is ill.

2. It is cloudy in the north.
3. He wrote a "Song of Life."
(4) Supply capital letters
1. Goldsmith wrote the comedy
"she stoops to conquer."
2. What is meant by "the peti-
tion of rights?"

(5) Pluralize the following
alto genius

purpose calf
heroine oratorio Cary formula
comedy piano analysis index

4. Was private Jones promoted?
5. Are you the president or the
secretary of the company?
where they are needed:
3. Who was then governor of
the state of washington?
4. On the committee were doc-
tor jones and lawyer brown.

nouns:

Roman

fabliau

talisman

Chinaman

Frenchman

touch-me-not Turkoman

giraffe studio genus sister-in-law puff

Plato

aide-de-camp

(6) Tell why the italicized words are correctly used

(7) Tell which of the following nouns are masculine, which are feminine, and which may apply to either sex:

(8) Copy these expressions, changing to the possessive form wherever that form would not be objectionable. Avoid clumsy and misused possessives.

(9) Write sentences to illustrate the correct use of

these expressions:

1. The enemy's fear.

2. Fear of the enemy.

3. No one else's.

4. No one's else.

5. Portrait of Father.

6. Portrait of Father's.

(10) Change to the possessive form:

1. The mother of James and John.

2. The mothers of Paul and Peter.

3. The histories of Gibbon or Macaulay.

4. The conquests of Caesar and Napoleon.

5. The administrations of Washington and Jefferson.

(11) Tell the case and grammatical use of the nouns:

1. Throw not away an hour.

2. Perfection is no trifle.

3. O father! I see a gleaming light.

4. Education is the bulwark of freedom.

5. Caesar's skill as a general was remarkable.
6. Cowardice! who calls self-control cowardice?
7. A few years afterwards, he became a rich man.

8. There he sat, the smoke curling from his pipe.
9. The world owes only the deserving man a living.

10. The Magna Charta, or Great Charter, was signed in 1215.

100. Parsing of Nouns. To parse a word is to describe it; that is, to tell its class, inflectional form, and grammatical use.

To parse a noun we tell the following:

(1) Class.

(2) Gender.

(3) Number.

(4) Case.

(5) Grammatical use.

Models for parsing nouns:

Columbus was a tall man, of grave and gentle manners, and noble though saddened look.

1. Columbus is a proper noun, masculine gender, singular number, nominative case, subject of the verb was.

2. Man is a common noun, masculine gender, singular number, nominative case, subjective complement.

3. Manners is a common abstract noun, neuter gender, plural number, objective case, used with the preposition of.

4. Look is a common abstract noun, neuter gender, singular number, objective case, used with the preposition of.

EXERCISE 73

Parse the nouns in the following selections:

1. The life that floods the happy fields
With song, and light, and color
Will shape our lives to richer states,
And heap our measures fuller.