6. Over and over again

The brook through the meadow flows.

7. The path that has once been trod

Is never so rough to the feet.

8. Speak gently to the erring,-ye know not all the power With which the dark temptation came, in some unguarded hour;

Ye may not know how earnestly they struggled, or how well, Until the hour of weakness came, and sadly thus they fell.

SUMMARY OF ADVERBS

I. Kinds (153-155).

1. According to Meaning (153)
a. Adverbs of Time

b. Adverbs of Place
c. Adverbs of Manner
d. Adverbs of Degree
e. Adverbs of Cause
f. Numeral Adverbs
g. Modal Adverbs

2. According to Use (154)
a. Interrogative Adverbs
b. Relative Adverbs

3. According to Form (155)

a. Simple Adverbs

b. Derivative Adverbs

c. Compound Adverbs

II. Comparison (156).

1. Degrees -Positive, Comparative, Superlative

2. Methods of Comparison

a. By Inflection

b. By Using More and Most

c. Irregular

III. Grammatical Uses (157).

CHAPTER V

VERBS

We have learned (16) that a verb is a word which asserts action, being, or condition. We have also learned (16) that a verb may assume a compound, or phrasal, form known as a verb-phrase.

As to class, verbs are transitive or intransitive, auxiliary or notional. Intransitive verbs are complete or linking.

164. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs. Note the following examples:

The teacher praised James.

Henry came back yesterday.

The verb praised takes the direct object James to complete its meaning. Since the action is thought of as passing over from the doer to the receiver, it is called a transitive verb, the term transitive meaning "passing over."

The verb came is different; its meaning is complete without the addition of a direct object. A verb that does not take a direct object to complete its meaning is called an intransitive verb.

A transitive verb is a verb that takes a direct object to complete its meaning.

An intransitive verb is a verb that does not take a direct object to complete its meaning.

165. Verbs either Transitive or Intransitive. The distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs is based upon their use in the sentence. Verbs commonly

transitive may be used without an object: as, I believe; Now he sees; We understand; She writes for the papers. Verbs so used are intransitive.

Again, verbs commonly intransitive may become transitive in one of two ways:

(1) They may take as the direct object a substantive of kindred meaning to the verb, known as a cognate ("kindred") object; as, He spoke a declamation.

(2) They may be used in a causative or factitive sense: as, John flew his kite (caused his kite to fly); Mary sang herself hoarse (made herself hoarse by singing).

Sometimes the causative form is distinct from the intransitive. Note.carefully the following examples:

Intransitive
Fall: The leaves fall.
Lie: Here they lie.

Rise: We rise early.

Sit: Here they sit.

Transitive

Fell: Come, fell the trees.
Lay: Lay it down at once.
Raise: Raise the window.
Set: Set the box here.

The verbs ask and teach, in addition to the direct object, take another object called the secondary object; as,

He asked me a question.

Me is the direct object; question is the secondary object.

EXERCISE 120

(1) Point out the verbs and tell whether they are transitive or intransitive:

1. He returned early.

2. He returned the book.
3. She teaches English.

4. She teaches well.
5. They called for you.
6. Who calls this a fire?

7. The tree grew fast.

8. He grows fine apples.

9. Down came the storm. 10. They seemed restless. 11. Worth makes the man. 12. Never chase a lie.

13. "The Frost looked forth." 14. Good actions ennoble us.

(2) Write ten sentences, using each of the following verbs first transitively, then intransitively:

hear

watch

play

recite

remember

(3) Supply the proper verb in each sentence and give a reason for your choice:

166. Complete and Linking Verbs. Intransitive verbs are of two kinds:

(1) Complete verbs, or verbs that within themselves form a complete predication (29); as,

Now she sings.

He spoke for two hours.

(2) Linking verbs, or verbs that join the subject with a subjective complement (31); as,

He is now famous.

He grew restless after this.

Some verbs may be either complete or linking; as,
He soon appeared. (Complete.)

He appeared uneasy. (Linking.)

EXERCISE 121

Tell which of the following intransitive verbs are complete and which are linking:

The verb shall is used merely as a helping verb. It combines with the infinitive go to form the verb-phrase shall go, thereby helping the verb go to express a variation of its meaning. A verb that helps another verb to express some variation of its meaning is called an auxiliary ("helping") verb.

On the other hand, the verb came expresses a distinct meaning of its own. A verb that expresses a distinct meaning of its own is called a notional ("expressing an idea or notion") verb.

An auxiliary verb is a verb that helps another verb to express some variation of its meaning.

A notional verb is a verb that expresses a distinct meaning of its own.

The verb helped by an auxiliary is sometimes called the principal verb.

There are nine auxiliary verbs, namely: