(2) Tell whether the italicized word is direct object, indirect object, or objective complement:

1. She made me a new hat.

2. They made him a knight.

3. They have branded him a traitor.

4. They furnished us a tent.
5. I regard you as a friend.
6. They granted us a large share
of the proceeds.

CHAPTER VI

INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS

40. Independent Element Defined. Note this example: Good friends, I wish to speak.

The word friends denotes the persons spoken to. Hence, it forms a part of the sentence by helping to complete the thought, but it has no grammatical connection either with the subject I or with the predicate wish to speak. A part of a sentence having no grammatical connection with the other parts is called an independent element.

An independent element is a part of a sentence having no grammatical connection with the other parts.

The independent elements discussed in this chapter are words of address, exclamations, parenthetical expressions, and pleonasm.

41. Words of Address. Note these examples: "I love you, Mother," said rosy Nell.

"Welcome, Sir Lark! You look tired!" said he.

Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll.

The italicized words are substantives used to denote the person or thing spoken to, or addressed. A substantive used to denote the person or thing spoken to is called a word of address.

A word of address is a substantive used to denote the person or thing spoken to.

42. Exclamations. Note these examples:

Oh! is it you, young master?
Silvio! Did you know Silvio?
Come! A good whole holiday!

Each of the foregoing italicized words expresses strong or sudden feeling. A word or a group of words used to express strong or sudden feeling is called an exclamation, a term meaning "a crying out."

An exclamation is a word or a group of words used to express strong or sudden feeling.

Exclamations are of the following kinds:

(1) Interjections (20); as ah! pshaw! hist! tut! hurrah! (2) Other parts of speech or groups of words used with the force of interjections; thus,

Oh, sleep! It is a gentle thing! (Noun.)

Oh, fortunate we! the ordeal is past! (Pronoun.)
See! see! she tacks no more! (Verb.)

For heaven's sake! what is it? (Group of Words.)

EXERCISE 27

(1) Point out the words of address and the exclamations:

Exclamations: Oh, dream of joy! is this indeed the lighthouse

(Words of address and exclamations are put on a line with the subject and predicate but are separated from the rest of the sentence to show that they are independent.)

1. Come here, Raymond.
2. Now, boys, try hard.

3. Enough! say no more!
4. Mother, we are here.
5. What! hast thou dined?

6. Goodness! but I was scared!

II.

7. America! how I love the name!

8. Flow gently, sweet Afton! 9. Come away, away, children. 10. God save thee, Ancient Mariner!

1. Give me of your boughs, O Cedar!

2. Hark! was there ever so merry a note?

3. Who are you, my strangely gifted guest?

4. Come forth, O ye children of gladness! come!

5. But ye!— ye are changed since ye met me last!

6. Those evening bells! how many a tale their music tells!

(2) Tell the part of speech of each exclamatory word in the foregoing sentences.

43. Parenthetical Expressions. Note these examples: This, indeed, is true.

At all events, we are safe.

The plan, I admit, is impractical.

The italicized expressions belong to neither subject nor predicate, and are used by way of comment or explanation. A word or a group of words belonging to neither subject nor predicate and used by way of comment or explanation is called a parenthetical expression, the term parenthetical meaning "placed in beside."

A parenthetical expression is a word or a group of words belonging to neither subject nor predicate and used by way of comment or explanation.

Parenthetical expressions are set off by punctuation: by the comma if the connection is close, as in the foregoing examples; by the dash if the expression is an

abrupt insertion; by parentheses if the expression is an abrupt explanation or reference. Note these examples: This man I forget his name is an Italian. (Abrupt insertion.)

Miss Bell (she is Mrs. Baker now) is here. (Abrupt explanation.) This word is an infinitive (page 29). (Reference.)

EXERCISE 28

Point out the parenthetical expressions: Models for written exercise:

(Parenthetical expressions are set off from the rest of the sentence to show their independence, and are placed under the main part to show that they are a kind of sentence modifier.)

1. He came late, I think.

2. This, to my mind, was very unreasonable.

3. Go at once, I beg you.

4. She will return soon, I expect. 5. In fact, you ask much.

6. After all, I am not sorry.

44. Pleonasm.

7. To be sure, we are going to

be there.

8. At any rate, I am very glad. 9. This, indeed, is a very unusual sight.

10. It will rain soon, I hope.

Sometimes in poetical language the

subject is repeated. Note the italicized words:

Then Little John he drew his bow.

The wedding guest he beat his breast.

Thy rod and Thy staff, they comfort me.