5. He turned to the squire who stood near him.

6. There is no such flatterer as is a man's self.

7. As the wonderful melody filled the air, the walls arose.

8. She doeth little kindnesses, which most leave undone or despise.

9. Let a man beware how he keeps company with quarrelsome persons.

10. Whoever is delighted in solitude is either a wild beast or a god.

11. If the hill will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet will go to the hill.

12. He must needs be a wise man, because he speaks so much of himself.

13. My son, you seem to have forgotten that your father was only a poor tailor.

14. He hid himself behind a door from which he could see the Princess as she passed.

15. The first thing that Pandora saw, when she entered the cottage where Epimetheus dwelt, was a great box.

56. Coördinate Clauses. A sentence may contain two or more clauses of the same rank and use. Note the following examples:

We were ready, but we did not go because it rained.

We admit that you are right and that we are wrong.

Two clauses of the first sentence, namely, We are ready and we did not go, are of the same rank and use, for both are principal clauses.

Two clauses of the second sentence, namely, that you are right and that we are wrong, are of the same rank and use, for both are substantive clauses used as the direct object of the verb admit.

Clauses of the same rank and use in the sentence are called coördinate clauses, the term coördinate meaning "of the same order."

Coördinate clauses are clauses of the same rank and use in the sentence.

Coördinate clauses are connected by the conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for, and their equivalents. These conjunctions are therefore called coördinating conjunctions.

EXERCISE 40

Point out the coördinate clauses and tell the rank of each, whether principal or subordinate:

1. I think I saw him, but I do not know it.

2. What you do, not what you profess, counts here.

3. Men may come and men may go, but I go on forever.

4. When cats run home and light is come,

And dew is cold upon the ground,

And the far-off stream is dumb,
And the whirring sail goes round;
Alone and warming his five wits,
The white owl in the belfry sits.
5. His hair is crisp, and black, and long,
His face is like the tan;

His brow is wet with honest sweat,
He earns whate'er he can,

And looks the whole world in the face,
For he owes not any man.

6. We know what Master laid thy keel,
What workmen wrought thy ribs of steel,
Who made each mast, and sail, and rope,
What anvils rang, what hammers beat,
In what a forge and what a heat

Were shaped the anchors of thy hope!

57. Essential and Non-essential Clauses. A subordinate clause may be so closely related to the clause on which it depends that it cannot be omitted without leaving the thought incomplete. Note these examples:

Here is the book that I lost.

I am so tired that I cannot go.

The clause that I lost is essential to the expression of the thought of the clause Here is the book, for it tells what book is meant.

The clause that I cannot go is essential to the expression of the thought of the clause I am so tired, for it tells how tired I am and what the result is.

A subordinate clause essential to the expression of the thought of the clause on which it depends is called an essential clause.

On the other hand, a subordinate clause may supply additional information, but, at the same time, not be essential to the expression of the thought of the clause on which it depends; thus,

I failed to see Henry, who was away.

He works hard, though he is not strong.

A subordinate clause not essential to the expression of the thought of the clause on which it depends is called a non-essential clause.

An essential clause is a subordinate clause essential to the expression of the thought of the clause on which it depends.

A non-essential clause is a subordinate clause not essential to the expression of the thought of the clause on which it depends.

An essential clause, unless noticeably out of its natural order in the sentence, is not usually set off by punctuation.

A non-essential clause is usually set off by punctuation from the clause on which it depends.

EXERCISE 41

Point out each subordinate clause, and tell whether it is essential or non-essential, giving a reason in each

case:

1. We know that he is interested.

2. Here is the place where we shall stop.

3. Murder, though it have no tongue, will speak.

4. Thrice noble is the man who of himself is king.

5. We came to a very dry place, where there was no grass.

6. By and by there came other people who chanced to have no homes.

7. Europa is still the rosy child who ran to gather flowers so many years ago.

8. He waited but a few moments, when he began to see a sight, which was a great marvel.

9. They made continual inquiry if any one could tell them what had become of Europa.

10. At length they came within full sight of the palace, which proved to be very large and lofty.

CHAPTER IX

KINDS OF SENTENCE AS TO FORM

We have seen that sentences, classified according to their meaning, are of four kinds: declarative (3), interrogative (4), imperative (5), and exclamatory (6). We shall now see that sentences, classified according to their form, or structure, are of three kinds: simple, compound, and complex.

Each of the foregoing sentences consists of one subject and one predicate. The subject of the second sentence is compound; the predicate of the third sentence is compound; while both the subject and the predicate of the fourth sentence are compound. A sentence consisting of one subject and one predicate, either or both of which may be compound, is called a simple sentence.

A simple sentence is a sentence consisting of one subject and one predicate, either or both of which may be compound.

EXERCISE 42

Show that each sentence in Exercises 5 and 6 is a simple sentence.

59. Compound Sentence. Note the following sentence:

Some have too much, yet still they crave;

I have little, yet I seek no more.