The foregoing sentence contains four clauses, each of which is a principal, or independent, clause. A sentence containing two or more principal clauses is called a compound sentence. A compound sentence is a sentence containing two or more principal clauses. EXERCISE 43 Tell which of the sentences in Exercises 34 and 40 are compound, and point out the clauses of each. 60. Complex Sentence. Note the following sentence: He who tells a lie is not sensible how great a task he undertakes. The foregoing sentence contains one principal clause, He is not sensible; and two subordinate clauses, who tells a lie and how great a task he undertakes. tence containing one or more subordinate clauses is called a complex sentence. A complex sentence is a sentence containing one or more subordinate clauses. One subordinate clause may depend upon another subordinate clause; thus, He asked that we should wait until he should return. Sometimes a complex sentence contains two or more principal clauses; thus, When I awoke, it was broad daylight, the weather was clear, and the storm had abated. The foregoing sentence contains four clauses, the first of which is subordinate, the rest are principal. A complex sentence containing two or more principal clauses is sometimes called a compound-complex sentence. EXERCISE 44 Point out the complex sentences in Exercise 34, and tell which clauses are principal and which are subordinate. EXERCISE 45 Tell whether each of the following sentences is simple, compound, or complex. Point out the clauses, and tell the rank of each, whether principal or subordinate. 1. I hate to see things done by halves. 2. It seems there was a sly cat in the house. 7. Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven hath swallowed up thy form. 8. The manly part is to do with might and main what you can do. 9. Morocco leather is made from goatskin and is tanned with sumac. 10. Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night showeth knowledge. 11. I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, and that is the lamp of experience. 12. The day dawned, the cock crowed, but nobody tapped at the door of the governor. 13. Never was a summer night more calm to the eye, nor a gale of autumn louder to the ear. 14. A good deed is never lost; he who sows courtesy, reaps friendship; he who plants kindness, gathers love. 15. During the feudal days the chief luxury of the poor was honey; and the well-to-do peasants often had a hive of bees in their garden plot. more 61. Elliptical Sentences. Sometimes one or words of a sentence may be omitted without affecting the thought; thus, Thank you, Mary. (I thank you, Mary.) Why not go, boys? What if I refuse? (Why will you not go, boys?) (What will you do if I refuse?) Good day, sir. (God give you good day, sir.) This is mine; that, (is) yours. He came, but I do not know when (he came). While (I was) out riding, I was caught in a storm. The omission of one or more words of a sentence is called an ellipsis, a term meaning "a leaving out." A sentence of which one or more words are omitted is called an elliptical sentence. An elliptical sentence is a sentence of which one or more words are omitted. A clause of which one or more words are omitted is called an elliptical clause. Clauses introduced by than and as (denoting a comparison) are usually elliptical; thus, Mary is older than her sister (is old). You are not so tall as John (is tall). Sometimes the introductory word of a subordinate clause is omitted; thus, He said (that) he wished to speak to you. Had I (If I had) known it, I would have been there. Answers to questions are frequently elliptical; thus, Who told you this?- James (told me this). Will you go with us?- Yes, I will (go with you). EXERCISE 46 (1) Tell which words of the following sentences may be omitted without affecting the thought: 1. Will you help? - Yes, I will help. 2. Why will you not do this for me? 3. You write better than I write. 4. I am glad that you are satisfied. 5. I do not know what I am to say to him. 6. He returned, but I do not know when he returned. 7. This is a larger house than that house is large. 8. God give you good morning, my friends. 9. When you are in Rome, do as Rome does. 10. This book is as interesting as that book is interesting. (2) Supply the omitted word or words in each of the following sentences: 1. What is colder than ice? 2. While in the city, we had a fine time. 3. Are you as strong as he? 4. What if he does not arrive in time? 5. I am not so old as you. 6. He said he was not fully prepared. 7. I will be there if convenient. 8. Some one, I do not recall who, told me. 9. He is large but not strong. 10. I go but I do not know why. 11. It is you he calls. 12. This belongs to me; that, to William. CHAPTER X ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES 62. Analysis Defined. The process of separating a sentence into its various parts, or elements, in order to show the relation of part to part is called analysis, a term meaning "an unloosing, or a breaking up." Analysis is the process of separating a sentence into its various elements in order to show the relation of part to part. The analysis of a sentence may be either oral or written. The most convenient method of written analysis is by diagram. Analysis by diagram also has the advantage of picturing, so to speak, the various relations. 63. Analysis of Simple Sentences. Observe the following directions for the analysis of a simple sentence: 1. Classify the sentence. 2. Point out the main parts- complete subject and complete predicate. 3. Point out the essential parts-subject substantive, predicate verb, and complement if found. 4. Point out the modifiers of: a. The subject substantive. b. The predicate verb. c. The complement is found. 5. Point out the connectives. 6. Point out the independent elements if found. Model for oral and written analysis: A friend may well be reckoned the masterpiece of nature. This is a simple declarative sentence. The complete subject is A friend; the complete predicate, may well be |