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SUMMARY OF THE SENTENCE

I. Kinds of Sentence

1. As to Meaning

a. Declarative (3)
b. Interrogative (4)
c. Imperative (5)

d. Exclamatory (6)

2. As to Form

a. Simple (58)
b. Compound (59)
c. Complex (60)

II. Units of Sentence

1. Words

a. Substantive: Nouns (13), Pronouns (14)

b. Predicating: Verbs (16), Verb-Phrases (16)
c. Modifying: Adjectives (15), Adverbs (17)

d. Connecting: Prepositions (18), Conjunctions (19)
e. Exclamatory: Interjections (20)

f. Verbal: Infinitives (22), Participles (23), Gerunds (24)

2. Phrases (45)

a. Substantive (46)

b. Adjectival (46)

c. Adverbial (46)

3. Clauses (50)

a. Principal (55)

b. Subordinate (55)

(1) Substantive (51)
(2) Adjectival (51)
(3) Adverbial (51)

c. Coördinate (56)
(1) Principal (56)
(2) Subordinate (56)

III. Parts of Sentence

1. Main Parts

a. Subject (7)

Compound (8)

b. Predicate (7)
Compound (9)

2. Essential Parts

a. Subject Substantive (26)

b. Predicate Verb (27)

c. Complement (29)

(1) Subjective (31)

(a) Substantive:

Word (31), Phrase (47), Clause (52) (b) Adjectival: Word (31), Phrase (48) (2) Direct Object (32)

Substantive:

Word (32), Phrase (47), Clause (52)

(3) Objective (34)

Word (34), Phrase (48), Clause (52)

3. Modifiers

a. Adjectival (35)

(1) Adjectives (15)

(2) Participles (23)

(3) Possessive (36)

(4) Appositive (37)

Word (37), Phrase (47), Clause (52)

(5) Phrases (46, 48)

(6) Clauses (51, 53)

b. Adverbial (35)

(1) Adverbs (17)

(2) Indirect Object (38)

(3) Phrases (46, 49)

(4) Clauses (51, 54)

4. Connectives

a. Prepositions (18)

b. Conjunctions (19)

c. With Conjunctive Force: Pronouns (55), Adverbs (55)

5. Independent Elements

a. Words of Address (41)

b. Exclamations (42)

(1) Interjections (20)

(2) With Interjectional Force (42): Words, Phrases c. Parenthetical Expressions (43)

d. Pleonasm (44)

PART TWO

PARTS OF SPEECH

CHAPTER I

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NOUNS

66. Kinds of Nouns. We have learned (13) that a noun is the name of anything, whether person, place, or thing.

Nouns are divided into two main classes proper nouns and common nouns.

There are two special classes of common nouns collective nouns and abstract nouns.

We shall now examine into these different classes.

67. Proper Nouns. Such Such nouns as James, Mary, Evangeline, Pike's Peak, Richmond, Monday, August, are names not common to a class, but belonging to a particular person, place, or thing. The name of a particular person, place, or thing is called a proper noun, the term proper meaning "belonging to one."

A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, or thing.

In writing we always capitalize a proper noun, as in the foregoing examples.

68. Common Nouns. Such nouns as boy, girl, dog, cat, robin, rose, lily, oak, river, are names not belonging to a particular person, place, or thing, but applying in common to any member of a class. A name applying in common to any member of a class is called a

common noun.

A common noun is a name applying in common to any member of a class.

In writing, we begin common nouns with a small letter, as in the foregoing examples.

EXERCISE 51

With the aid of a newspaper, or other printed matter, prepare for the class a list of:

10 proper nouns.

15 common nouns.

69. Common Nouns Used as Proper Nouns.- Common nouns sometimes have the force of proper nouns, and, accordingly, are capitalized. Note the following kinds: (1) Common nouns denoting well-known persons or things; thus,

Have you seen the President?
Who is Speaker of the House?
He is a member of Congress.

The Court has ordered this.

Such words, however, are often begun with small letters; thus,

Here comes the mayor of the city.

The governor is now at the capitol.

(2) The words north, south, east, and west when they name parts of the country; thus,

He moved from the North to the South.

If these words denote direction or the points of the compass, they are not capitalized; thus,

The line runs north seventy rods.
The earth turns from west to east.

(3) Nouns denoting kinship, as father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt, cousin, when used with a proper name or without a possessive modifier; thus,

Have you seen Uncle William?

Here come Father and Sister.

If these words are used without a proper name and with a possessive modifier, they are not capitalized; thus,

Here come my father and my sister.

EXERCISE 52

(1) Explain why the italicized nouns are capitalized or are not capitalized:

1. Have you read the Constitution?

2. They moved to the West.

3. The storm came from the west.

4. The General is a friend of Father's.

5. Here comes Aunt Lucy.

(2) Tell which of the with a small letter.

6. I am spending a month with Grandmother.

7. Our grandmother is ill.

8. They have made Cousin James Chairman of the Board.

9. Doctor Miller is Head of the Department of History.

10. The Faculty is invited.

foregoing nouns may be begun

(3) Compose sentences illustrating the use of mother, brother, and cousin, first as proper nouns, then as common. (4) Compose sentences illustrating the use of east and south, first as proper nouns, then as common. 70. Collective Nouns. Note these examples: He joined his company in France. We saw a large flock of geese. The jury has rendered its verdict.

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