Source of the name, 3. Sketch of the study, 3. Origin and characteristics,

4. Value in present inquiry, 5

SECTION II.-THE BOOK OF DANIEL.

3-6

Question of its genuineness, 6. Probable date, 8. Not the work of an im-

postor,' 8. General nature of the evidence, 9

6-10

SECTION III.-THE SIBYLLINE ORACLES.

Nature of their contents, 10. Views of Lardner, and of Bleek, as to their

origin, 11; view of Friedlieb, 12. Lines to be deducted from Book

III., 12. Fragments to be added, 13. Date, 14; Volkmar's view, 15.

Place of composition, 16

. 10-17

SECTION IV.-THE BOOK OF ENOCH.

Uncertainty of critical opinion, 17. Recent literary history, 18. Contents, 19.

Different views as to unity of authorship, 28; Philippi's view, 29; Dill-

mann's, 29; Ewald's, 31; Tideman's, 34. Date of original book, 37: The

historical vision, 37; view of Laurence, Hoffmann, and Gfrörer, 39; view

of Ewald and Dillmann, 39; Schürer's view of the seventy shepherds, 40:

The ten weeks, 41: General conclusion, 43: Volkmar's view of its late

date, 43; general arguments, 43; explanation of the seventy shepherds,

44; criticism of his view, 46. The Similitudes, 48: Views of Lücke and

Köstlin, 48: Indications of different authorship, 48; account of the Mes-

sianic doctrine, 49: Evidence of post-Christian date, 55; from the allu-

sion to the Parthians, 55; from the description of the neighbourhood of

Vesuvius, 57; evidence of Christian authorship from the Messianic doc-

trine, 59: Objection to the view that the Similitudes proceeded from a

Christian author, 60: Suggestion that the Messianic passages are an in-

terpolation, 61; evidence from the first Similitude, 61; from the title of

the second, 63; from the Messianic passages in the second, 63; from the

consistency of the text without these passages, 65; from the third

Similitude, 68; from the closing chapter of the whole section, 69;

from the literary history of the work, 71. General conclusion,
PAGE 17-73

73

SECTION V.-THE ASSUMPTION OF MOSES.

Recent literary history, 74. Latin translation from a Greek original, 75.

Contents, 75. Date, 77: Its fixed limits, 77: Ewald's view, 78; evi-

dence that it was written soon after Herod the Great, 78: Hilgenfeld's

view, 79; criticism of it, 80: Volkmar's view, 81; criticism of it, 81:

Argument that it is later than 4th Ezra, 82: Philippi's view, 84. 74-84

SECTION VI.-FOURTH EZRA.

6

Uncertainty about its date, 84. Versions, 84: Latin, 85; editions, 85;

consists of three works, 85; lacuna, 86; Hilgenfeld's supposition of in-

terpolation, 87: Arabic, 88: Æthiopic, 89: Armenian, 89: Syriac, 89:

Importance of the Versions for the criticism of the text, 90. Contents,

91. Date, 93: Its fixed limits, 93: Argument from the thirtieth year,'

94; from 'Esau the end of this age,' 95: The vision of the eagle, 95,

and its interpretation, 97; various explanations of it, 98; Hilgenfeld's,

99; Laurence's, 101; Gfrörer's, 101; Wieseler's, 102; Volkmar's, 104;

Ewald's, 107; considerations in support of Ewald's, 108; Gutschmid's

view, 110; objections to it, 112: Gutschmid's opinion as to the date of

the rest of the book, 114: General conclusion, 117. Place of composi-

tion, 117.
84-117

SECTION VII.-THE APOCALYPSE OF BARUCH.

Literary history, 117. Contents, 118. Translated from Greek, 124. Of

purely Jewish origin, 125. Resemblances between it and 4th Ezra, 126;

differences, 128. Date, 129: After the destruction of Jerusalem, 129;

not very long after, 130: Argument from 'two parts, weeks, of the

seven weeks,' 130: Conclusion, 132
117-132

CHAPTER II.

LYRICAL LITERATURE.

THE PSALMS OF SOLOMON.

Literary history, 133. Unity of authorship, 133. Original language, 133.

Perhaps by a native of Palestine residing in Egypt, 134. Date; differ-

ent views, 135: Ascription of the Psalms to Solomon, 135: Circum-

stances referred to, 136: Conclusion, 141. Grätz's statement, that the

Psalms have a 'Christian character,' untenable, 141 PAGE 133-142

CHAPTER III.

HAGGADISTIC LITERATURE. THE BOOK OF JUBILEES, OR

LITTLE GENESIS.

Recent literary history, 143. Nature of contents, 144. Origin of names,

144. Purpose of the writer, 144. Original language, 145. The author

a Palestinian, 145; nearest to the Pharisees, 146. Date, 146: Before

the destruction of Jerusalem, 146: How long before, uncertain, 146;

views of Rönsch, Dillmann, and Hilgenfeld, 147

CHAPTER IV.

THE TARGUMS.

143-147

Their origin, 148. THE TARGUM OF ONKELOS, 150: Its language and

character, 150: Traditional account of Onkelos, 151: Nature of the

evidence that he was author of the Targum, 151: Evidence that the

work belongs to Babylonia, 152: Its date, 153: Gfrörer's argument in

favour of its earlier origin, 154: Reason for ascribing it to Onkelos,

155. THE TARGUM OF JONATHAN BEN UZZIEL, 155: Its contents and

character, 155: Traditional account of Jonathan, 155: Nature of the

evidence that he was author of the Targum, 156: Its real author and

date, 157: Reason for ascribing it to Jonathan, 157. PALESTINIAN

TARGUMS, 158: Their contents and titles, 158: Their mutual relation,

158: Their date, 159: Their character, 159. Later Targums, 159.

Value of the Targums as evidence of Jewish belief, 159.

148-160

CHAPTER V.

THE TALMUD, AND OTHER RABBINICAL WORKS.

Remote origin of the Talmud, 161; legendary account, 162. The Great

Synagogue, 162, note 4. Hillel, 164. Gamaliel, and his successors, 165.

R. Yehudah, 166. Meaning of Mishnah, 167. Modes of instruction in

the oral law; Halakhah, Midrash, Talmud, Haggadah, 167. Contents and

divisions of the Mishnah, 169. The Mishnah perhaps continued to be trans-
mitted orally, 170. Value of the Mishnah for the study of Jewish
opinion, 170. Origin and meaning of Gemara, 171. The Jerusalem
Talmud, 172. The Babylonian Talmud, 172: Its compilation, 173:
Rab Ashi's work perhaps not at first written, 173: Closing of the Tal-
mud, 174. Language of the Gemaras, 174. Their extent in relation to
the Mishnah, 174. Their value, 175. Baraitha and Tosiphta, 175.
Midrashim, 176. Seder 'Olam Rabbah, 176. Yalqut Shim'eoni,
PAGE 161-177

177

BOOK 11.

HISTORY.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY.

Different methods of treatment, 179. Origin of the Messianic Idea, 180.

Source of its baser elements, 181. Examples of the influence of disaster

on belief, 181.

179-184

CHAPTER II.

SKETCH OF THE MESSIANIC IDEA AS EXHIBITED IN THE

PROPHETS.

Subsidiary character of this sketch, 185. Joel, Amos, and Hosea, 185.

Isaiah, the elder Zechariah, and Micah, 188. Zephaniah, 190. Jeremiah

190. Obadiah, 191. Isaiah xxiv.-xxvii., 191. Ezekiel, 192. The later

Isaiah, 193. Haggai and Zechariah, 194. Malachi, 195

185-195

CHAPTER III.

THE SON OF SIRACH, TOBIT, AND BARUCH.

Different views about the dates of these works, 196. The Wisdom of the

Son of Sirach, 196. Tobit, 197. Baruch, 197. Absence of belief in the

Messiah, 198.

196-199

CHAPTER IV.

DIVISIONS OF TIME.

Gloomy character of the period under treatment, 200. Division into two

ages, 200; in Daniel, 200; in Enoch, Psalms of Solomon, and Assump-

tion of Moses, 201; in 4th Ezra, 201; in the Talmud, 202. Divisions of

the first age, 202; the four kingdoms in Daniel, 202; the seventy weeks

in Daniel, 204; the seventy shepherds and seventy generations in

Enoch, 204; the 250 times in the Assumption of Moses, 205; the

eleven generations of Sib. Oracles IV., 206; the twelve parts in

4th Ezra and the Apocalypse of Baruch, 206; Rabbinical views,

207

PAGE 200-208

CHAPTER V.

SIGNS OF THE LAST TIMES.

Signs in Daniel, 209. In the Sibylline Oracles, 210. In Enoch, 211. In

the Book of Jubilees, 213. In the Apocalypse of Baruch, 214. In

4th Ezra, 217. In the Mishnah, 218. In the Babylonian Talmud, 219.

The birth-pains of the Messiah, 221
209-221

CHAPTER VI.

FORERUNNERS OF THE MESSIAH.

Elijah, 222: References in Justin Martyr, 222; in Seder 'Olam Rabbah,

223; in the Mishnah, 223. Other forerunners, 224: Reference in the

New Testament, 224: Jeremiah in 2nd Maccabees, 225: Possible
allusion in 4th Ezra, 225: Moses with Elijah in Debarim Rabbah,
222-225

225

CHAPTER VII.

CONCEPTION OF THE IDEAL KINGDOM WITHOUT A MESSIAH..

The Book of Daniel, 226. Principles of investigation, 226. The vision of

'one like a son of man,' 228: The explanation suggested by the rest of

the vision, 228; and by the interpretation of the vision, 229: Adverse

argument from Daniel's connection with the Prophets, 231; reply, 232;

confirmation from the two parallel passages, 232: Hengstenberg's

arguments in favour of the Messianic explanation, 233; from the history

of Biblical interpretation, 233; from the mode in which the readers

would naturally understand the passage, 234; from the meaning of the

clouds, 235; from the impropriety of comparing Israel to a son of man,

239; from the analogy of other passages, 240: Conclusion, 241. The