peculiarity. Many American Indians are known to admire a head so extremely flattened as to appear to us idiotic. The natives on the north-western coast compress the head into a pointed cone; and it is their constant practice to gather the hair into a knot on the top of the head, for the sake, as Dr. Wilson remarks," of 66 increasing the apparent elevation of the favourite conoid form." The inhabitants of Arakhan "admire a broad, smooth forehead, "and in order to produce it, they fasten a plate of lead on the "heads of the new-born children." On the other hand," a broad, "well-rounded occiput is considered a great beauty" by the natives of the Fiji islands.70

As with the skull, so with the nose; the ancient Huns during the age of Attila were accustomed to flatten the noses of their infants with bandages, "for the sake of exaggerating a natural "conformation." With the Tahitians, to be called long-nose is considered as an insult, and they compress the noses and foreheads of their children for the sake of beauty. The same holds with the Malays of Sumatra, the Hottentots, certain Negroes, and the natives of Brazil." The Chinese have by nature urusually small feet; 72 and it is well known that the women of the upper classes distort their feet to make them still smaller. Lastly, Humboldt thinks that the American Indians prefer colouring their bodies with red paint in order to exaggerate their natural tint; and until recently European women added to their naturally bright colours by rouge and white cosmetics; but it may be doubted whether barbarous nations have generally had any such intention in painting themselves.

In the fashions of our own dress we see exactly the same principle and the same desire to carry every point to an extreme; we exhibit, also, the same spirit of emulation. But the fashions of savages are far more permanent than ours; and whenever their bodies are artificially modified, this is necessarily the case. The Arab women of the Upper Nile occupy about three days in dressing their hair; they never imitate other tribes," but simply

70 On the skulls of the American tribes, see Nott and Gliddon, Types of Mankind,' 1854, p. 440; Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' vol. i. 3rd edit. p. 321; on the natives of Arakhan, ibid. vol. iv. p. 537. Wilson, • Physical Ethnology,' Smithsonian Institution, 1863, p. 288; on the Fijians, p. 290. Sir J. Lubbock (Prehistoric Times,' 2nd edit. 1869, p. 506) gives an ex-ellent résumé on this subject.

71 On the Huns, Godron, 'De l'Espèce,' tom. ii. 1859, p. 300 On the Tahitians, Waitz, Anthro polog.' Eng. translat. vol. i. p. 305. Marsden, quoted by Prichard, Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 3rd edit. vol. v. p. 67. Lawrence, Lectures On Physiology,' p. 337.

72 This fact was ascertained in the 'Reise der Novara: Anthropolog Thiel,' Dr. Weisbach, 1867, s. 265.

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"vie with each other in the superlativeness of their own style." Dr. Wilson, in speaking of the compressed skulls of various American races, adds, "such usages are among the least eradicable, and long survive the shock of revolutions that change dynasties and efface more important national peculiarities." 78 The same principle comes into play in the art of breeding; and we can thus understand, as I have elsewhere explained, the wonderful development of the many races of animals and plants, which have been kept merely for ornament. Fanciers always wish each character to be somewhat increased; they do not admire a medium standard; they certainly do not desire any great and abrupt change in the character of their breeds; they admire solely what they are accustomed to, but they ardently desire to see each characteristic feature a little more developed.

The senses of man and of the lower animals seem to be so constituted that brilliant colours and certain forins, as well as harmonious and rhythmical sounds, give pleasure and are called beautiful; but why this should be so, we know not. It is certainly not true that there is in the mind of man any universal standard of beauty with respect to the human body. It is, however, possible that certain tastes may in the course of time become inherited, though there is no evidence in favour of this belief; and if so, each race would possess its own innate ideal standard of beauty. It has been argued 75 that ugliness consists in an approach to the structure of the lower animals, and no doubt this is partly true with the more civilised nations, in which intellect is highly appreciated; but this explanation will hardly apply to all forms of ugliness. The men of each race prefer what they are accustomed to; they cannot endure any great change; but they like variety, and admire each characteristic carried to a moderate extreme.7 76 Men accustomed to a nearly oval face, to straight and regular features, and to bright colours, admire, as we Europeans know, these points when strongly developed. On the other hand, men accustomed to a broad face, with high cheek-bones, a depressed nose, and a black skin, admire these peculiarities when strongly marked.

p.

73 Smithsonian Institution,' 1863, 289. On the fashions of Arab women, Sir S. Baker, The Nile Tributaries,' 1867, 121.

74 The Variation of Animals and Plints under Domestication,' vol. i. p. 214; vol. ii. P. 240.

75 Schaaffhausen, Archiv fir

Anthropologie,' 1866, s. 164.

76 Mr. Bain has collected ('Mental and Moral Science,' 1868, pp. 304-314) about a dozen more or less different theories of the idea of beauty; but none are quite the same as that here given

No doubt characters of all kinds may be too much developed for beauty. Henco a perfect beauty, which implies many characters modified in a particular manner, will be in every race a prodigy. As the great anatomist Bichat long ago said, if every one were cast in the same mould, there would be no such thing as beauty. If all our women were to become as beautiful as the Venus de' Medici, we should for a time be charmed; but we should soon wish for variety; and as soon as we had obtained variety, we should wish to see certain characters a little exaggerated beyond the then existing common standard.

CHAPTER XX.

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF MAN-continued.

On the effects of the continued selection of women according to a different standard of beauty in each race-On the causes which interfere with sexual selection in civilised and savage nations--Conditions favourable to sexual selection during primeval times-On the manner of action of sexual selection with mankind-On the women in savage tribes having some power to choose their husbands-Absence of hair on the body, and development of the beard-Colour of the skin-Summary.

WE have seen in the last chapter that with all barbarous races ornaments, dress, and external appearance are highly valued; and that the men judge of the beauty of their women by widely. different standards. We must next inquire whether this preference and the consequent selection during many generations of those women, which appear to the men of each race the most attractive, has altered the character either of the females alone, or of both sexes. With mammals the general rule appears to be that characters of all kinds are inherited equally by the males and females; we might therefore expect that with mankind any characters gained by the females or by the males through sexual selection, would commonly be transferred to the offspring of both sexes. If any change has thus been effected, it is almost certain that the different races would be differently modified, as each has its own standard of beauty.

With mankind, especially with savages, many causes interfere with the action of sexual selection as far as the bodily frame is oncerned. Civilised men are largely attracted by the mental cnarms of women, by their wealth, and especially by their social position; for men rarely marry into a much lower rank. The men who succeed in obtaining the more beautiful women, will not have a better chance of leaving a long line of descendants

than other men with plainer wives, save the few who bequeath their fortunes according to primogeniture. With respect to the opposite form of selection, namely of the more attractive men by the women, although in civilised nations women have free or almost free choice, which is not the case with barbarous races, yet their choice is largely influenced by the social position and wealth of the men; and the success of the latter in life depends much on their intellectual powers and energy, or on the fruits of these same powers in their forefathers. No excuse is needed for treating this subject in some detail; for, as the German philosopher Schopenhauer remarks, "the final aim of all love intrigues, be they comic or tragic, is really of more importance "than all other ends in human life. What it all turns upon is "nothing less than the composition of the next generation. . "It is not the weal or woe of any one individual, but that of the "human race to come, which is here at stake."

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"1

There is, however, reason to believe that in certain civilised and semi-civilised nations sexual selection has effected something in modifying the bodily frame of some of the members. Many persons are convinced, as it appears to me with justice, that our aristocracy, including under this term all wealthy families in which primogeniture has long prevailed, from having chosen during many generations from all classes the more beautiful women as their wives, have become handsomer, according to the European standard, than the middle classes; yet the middle classes are placed under equally favourable conditions of life for the perfect development of the body. Cook remarks that the superiority in personal appearance "which is observable in "the erees or nobles in all the other islands (of the Pacific) is "found in the Sandwich islands;" but this may be chiefly due to their better food and manner of life.

The old traveller Chardin, in describing the Persians, says their "blood is now highly refined by frequent intermixtures "with the Georgians and Circassians, two nations which surpass "all the world in personal beauty. There is hardly a man of "rank in Persia who is not born of a Georgian or Circassian "mother." He adds that they inherit their beauty, “not from "their ancestors, for without the above mixture, the men of " rank in Persia, who are descendants of the Tartars, would be extremely ugly."2 Here is a more curious case; the priestesses

who attended the temple of Venus Erycina at San Giuliano in Sicily, were selected for their beauty out of the whole of Greece they were not vestal virgins, and Quatrefages,3 who states the foregoing fact, says that the women of San-Giuliano are now famous as the most beautiful in the island, and are sought by artists as models. But it is obvious that the evidence in all the above cases is doubtful.

16

The following case, though relating to savages, is well worth giving from its curiosity. Mr. Winwood Reade informs me that the Jollofs, a tribe of negroes on the west coast of Africa, are "remarkable for their uniformly fine appearance." A friend of his asked one of these men, "How is it that every one whom I "meet is so fine-looking, not only your men, but your women?" The Jollof answered, "It is very easily explained: it has always "been our custom to pick out our worse-looking slaves and to "sell them." It need hardly be added that with all savages, female slaves serve as concubines. That this negro should have attributed, whether rightly or wrongly, the fine appearance of his tribe to the long-continued elimination of the ugly women is not so surprising as it may at first appear; for I have elsewhere shewn that negroes fully appreciate the importance of selection in the breeding of their domestic animals, and I could give from Mr. Reade additional evidence on this head.

4

The Causs which prevent or check the Action of Sexual Selection with Savages.-The chief causes are, first, so-called communal marriages or promiscuous intercourse; secondly, the consequences of female infanticide; thirdly, early betrothals; and lastly, the low estimation in which women are held, as mere slaves. These four points must be considered in some detail.

It is obvious that as long as the pairing of man, or of any other animal, is left to mere chance, with no choice exerted by either sex, there can be no sexual selection; and no effect will be produced on the offspring by certain individuals having had an advantage over others in their courtship Now it is asserted that there exist at the present day tribes which practise what Sir. J. Lubbock by courtesy calls communal marriages; that is, all the men and women in the tribe are husbands and wives to one another. The licentiousness of many savages is no doubt astonishing, but it seems to me that more evidence is requisite, before we fully admit that their intercourse is in any case promiscuous. Nevertheless all those who have most closely studied Plants under Domestication,' vol. i. p. 207.

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3 Anthropologie,' 'Revue des Cours Scientifiques,' Oct. 1868, p. 721.

The Variation of Animals and

5 Sir J. Lubbock, 'The Origin of Civilisation,' 1870, chap. iii especi