Charles Darwin's Works: The descent of man and seletion in relation to sex - Charles Darwin - Google Книги

Книги

Изображения страниц

used by animals-Abatraction, Self-consciousness-Language

-Sense of beauty-Belief in God, spiritual agencies, super-

PAGE

COMPARISON OF THE MENTAL POWERS OF MAN AND THE LOWER

ANIMALS-Continued.

The moral sense-Fundamental proposition-The qualities of

social animals-Origin of sociability-Struggle between opposed

instincts-Man a social animal-The more enduring social in-

stincts conquer other less persistent instincts-The social virtues

alone regarded by savages-The self-regarding virtues acquired

at a later stage of development—The importance of the judg-

ment of the members of the same community on conduct-

Transmission of moral tendencies-Summary

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL

FACULTIES DURING PRIMEVAL AND CIVILISED TIMES.

Advancement of the intellectual powers through natural selec-

tion-Importance of imitation-Social and moral faculties-

Their development within the limits of the same tribe-Natural

selection as affecting civilised nations-Evidence that civilise d

nations were once barbarous

ON THE AFFINITIES AND GENEALOGY OF MAN.

Position of man in the animal series-The natural system genea-

logical-Adaptive characters of slight value-Various small

points of resemblance between man and the Quadrumana-

Rank of man in the natural system-Birthplace and antiquity

of man-Absence of fossil connecting-links-Lower stages in

the genealogy of man, as inferred, firstly from his affinities and

secondly from his structure-Early androgynous condition of

the Vertebrata--Conclusion

The nature and value of specific characters-Application to the

races of man-Arguments in favour of, and opposed to, ranking

the so-called races of man as distinct species-Sub-species-

Monogenists and polygenists --Convergence of character-

Numerous points of resemblance in body and mind between the

most distinct races of man-The state of man when he first

spread over the earth-Each race not descended from a single

fair-The extinction of races-The formation of races-The

effects of crossing-Slight influence of the direct action of the

conditions of life-Slight or no influence of natural selection—

Sexual selection

PAGE

SEXUAL SELECTION.

PRINCIPLES OF SEXUAL SElection.

Secondary sexual characters--Sexual selection-Manner of action

-Excess of males - Polygamy - The male alone generally

modified through sexual selection-Eagerness of the male-

Variability of the male-Choice exerted by the female-Sexual

compared with natural selection-Inheritance at corresponding

periods of life, at corresponding seasons of the year, and as

limited by sex—
x-Relations between the several forms of inheri-

tance Causes why one sex and the young are not modified

through sexual selection-Supplement on the proportional num-

bers of the two sexes throughout the animal kingdom-The

proportion of the sexes in relation to natural selection.

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN THE LOWER CLASSES OF

THE ANIMAL KINGDOM.

These haracters absent in the lowest classes-Brilliant colours-

Mollusca-Annelids-Crustacea, secondary sexual characters

strongly developed; dimorphism; colour; characters not ac-

quired before maturity-Spiders, sexual colours of; stridulation

by the males-Myriapoda.

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF INSECTS.

Diversified structures possessed by the males for seizing the

females-Differences between the sexes, of which the mean-

ing is not unders1ood-Difference in size between the sexes-

Thysanura-Dip era-Hemiptera-Homoptera, musical powers

- PAGE

possessed by the males alone-Orthoptera, musical instruments

of the males, much diversified in structure; pugnacity; colours-—

Neuroptera sexual differences in colour-Hymenoptera, pug-

nacity aud colours-Coleoptera, colours; furnished with great

horns, apparently as an ornament; battles; stridulating organs

generally common to both sexes

INSECTS, continued.-ORDER LEPIDOPTERA.

(BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.)

Courtship of batterflies-Battles-Ticking noise-Colours common

to both sexes, or more brilliant in the males-Examples-Not

due to the direct action of the conditions of life - Colours

adapted for protection-Colours of moths-Display-Perceptive

powers of the Lepidoptera-Variability-Causes of the difference

in colour between the males and females-Mimicry, female

butterflies more brilliantly coloured than the males-Bright

colours of caterpillars-Summary and concluding remarks on

the secondary sexual characters of insects-Birds and insects

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF FISHES, AMPHIBIANS, AND

FISHES: Courtship and battles of the males-Larger size of the

females-Males, bright colours and ornamental appendages;

other strange characters-Colours and appendages acquired by

the males during the breeding-season alone-Fishes with both

sexes brilliantly coloured-Protective colours-The less con-

spicuous colours of the female cannot be accounted for on the

principle of protection-Male fishes building nests, and taking

charge of the ova and young. AMPHIBIANS: Differences in

structure and colour between the sexes-Vocal organs. REP-

TILES: Chelonians-Crocodiles-Snakes, colours in some cases

protective Lizards, battles of - Ornamental appendages

Strange differences in structure between the sexes-Colours-

Sexual differences almost as great as with birds

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF BIRDS.

Sexual differences - Law of battle-Special weapons-Vocal

organs--Instrumental music-Love-antics and dances-Deco-

zations, permanent and seasonal-Double and single annual

moults-Display of ornaments by the males

BIRDS-continued.

Choice exerted by the female-Length of courtship-Unpaired

birds -Mental qualities and taste for the beautiful-Preference

or antipathy shewn by the female for particular males-Vari-

ability of birds-Variations sometimes abrupt-Laws of varia-

tion-Formation of ocelli-Gradations of character-Case of

Peacock, Argus pheasant, and Urosticte

BIRDS-continued.

Discussion as to why the males alone of some species, and both

sexes of others are brightly coloured-On sexually-limited

inheritance, as applied to various structures and to brightly-

coloured plumage-Nidification in relation to colour-Loss of

nuptial plamage during the winter

BIRDS-concluded.

The immature plumage in relation to the character of the plumage

in both sexes when adult-Six classes of cases-Sexual differ-

ences between the males of closely-allied or representative

species-The female assuming the characters of the male-

Plumage of the young in relation to the summer and winter

plumage of the adults-On the increase of beauty in the birds

of the world-Protective colouring-Conspicuously-coloured

birds-Novelty appreciated-Summary of the four chapters on

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF MAMMALS.

The law of battle-Special weapons, confined to the males-Cause

of absence of weapons in the female-Weapons common to both

sexes, yet primarily acquired by the male-Other uses of such

weapons--Their high importance-Greater size of the male-

Means of defence-On the preference shewn by either sex in the

pairing of quadrupeds

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF MAMMALS-continued.

Voice-Remarkable sexual peculiarities in seals-Odour-Develop-

mnt of the hair-Colour of the hair and skin-Anomalous

case of the female being more ornamented than the male-

Colour and ornaments due to sexual selection-Colour acquired

for the sake of protection-Colour, though common to both

sexes, often due to sexual selection-On the disappearance of

spots and stripes in adult quadrupeds-On the colours and orna-

merts of the Quadrumana-Summary

PAGE

SEXUAL SELECTION IN RELATION TO MAN,

AND CONCLUSION.

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF MAN.

Differences between man and woman-Causes of such differences,

and of certain characters common to both sexes-Law of battle

-Differences in mental powers, and voice-On the influence

of beauty in determining the marriages of mankind-Attention

paid by savages to orraments-Their ideas of beauty in woman

-The tendency to exaggerate each natural peculiarity

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS OF MAN-continued.

On the effects of the continued selection of women according to a

different standard of beauty in each race-On the causes which

interfere with sexual selection in civilised and savage nations

-Conditions favourable to sexual selection during primeval

times-On the manner of action of sexual selection with man-

kind-On the women in savage tribes having some power to

choose their husbands-Absence of hair on the body, and

development of the beard-Colour of the skin-Summary

GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.

Main conclusion that man is descended from some lower form-

Manner of development-Genealogy of man-Intellectual and

moral faculties-Sexual selection-Concluding remarks

« Предыдущая Продолжить »