Institut Catholique, an institution founded for the defence of religion 1.

J. F. L. Hausmann († 1859) was an orthodox Protestant. Wappäus writes of him 2:

"His philosophic principles were in perfect harmony with his religious belief. Although he was never in the midcurrent of the more strenuous religious movement of his later years he was always, like so many other scientists of his period, a man of genuine piety, and in every vicissitude of life he showed himself firm and steadfast in his religion. His researches in his special branches of science never led him beyond the frontiers of religious belief; he was unable to understand the supposed conflict between science and faith, and treated it as ridiculous rather than terrible. He was an enquirer not only with his head but also with his heart, and it was with good warrant that his old and intimate friend Karl Ritter said of him: His writings were a hymn of praise to God."

"On July 6th 1894, there died at Paris suddenly and prematurely, a scientist who was the pride of the Department of Mines and one of the glories of French science. What Fresnel was in the history of Physical Optics, Maxwell in that of Magnetism and Electricity, Edward Suess in that of Geology, this man had in less that twenty years come to be in Crystallography and Mineralogy. He had renewed the face of these two allied sciences, and added to their domain vast provinces hitherto unknown or but dimly guessed at. When on the morrow of his death the French Mineralogical Society had engraved in letters of gold on its ceiling

1 Valson, La vie et les travaux du baron Cauchy, Paris 1868, 205.

2 Sitzungsberichte der k. bayr. Akademie der Wissenschaften, München 1860, 61.

the name of Ernest Mallard, in company with the ever-famous names of Haüy, of Romé-de-l'Isle and of Bravais, no one thought the honour too great for him, nor could anybody think of a savant worthier to be associated with the three illustrious founders of Crystallography." 1

Other French Reviews spoke in the same strain, and to their praise was added that of the leaders of science in every other country of Europe 2. Lord Kelvin had described Mallard as "one of the ablest minds of the century"; Fletcher declared at the Oxford meeting of the British Association after his death that Mineralogy had to lament "its greatest Philosopher" 3. In Germany he was characterised as "one of the finest mineralogists of France whose works have done more than anything else to raise Crystallography to its present undisputed position among the exact sciences" 4.

Much of Mallard's work was devoted to an attempt to determine the constitution of the molecule of the crystal, and it is unique for the penetration with which he deduces the inner structure of crystalline bodies from their external properties.

Mallard wrote on Geology as well as on Mineralogy, and also did good service to miners by his investi

1 P. Termier in Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 3me série, XXIII, Paris 1895, 179.

2 De Lapparent in Annales des mines, 9me série, Memoires VII, Paris 1895, 267–303. Wyrouboff in Bulletin de la Société franç. de minéralogie, Paris 1894, 248 f.

3 Cf. Lapparent ante 297. Lord Kelvin himself at Lapparent's request confirmed the genuineness of the utterance.

4 Wildermann's Jahrbuch der Naturwissenschaften, Freiburg 1895, 438.

gations concerning safety-lamps and the use of blasting materials in mines.

In 1872 Mallard delivered a discourse at Rive-de-Gier on the "History of the Earth". The manuscript of the lecture, published after his death, contains the following passage:

"Man should not be too exalted; he should continually remind himself that he is a little flickering light of ephemeral duration, which the least breath may extinguish. Still less should he hold too low an opinion of himself. He is truly a creature made in the image of God, and, on this account, he is permitted by means of his reason to enter into the plans and thought of the Creator of all things. This ought to be his highest ambition here below, and it is this ambition that science helps him to realize. . . .

"In my eyes, our true greatness, our real superiority consists not in the fact that we possess better heating apparatus, better clothes and better vehicles than our forefathers, but in the fact that we know more than they did. We are not in this world merely to enjoy ourselves, and to find here the final purpose for which we were created. That would be a sad goal if it were the end of man. No, we are here, religion tells us, to love and serve God; we are here, science tells us, to try to understand and to admire the Will and the Ideas of God; properly understood these two answers are but one."

1 Il ne faut pas que l'homme s'exalte trop; il faut qu'il se rappelle sans cesse qu'il est une petite lumière vacillante, d'une éphémère durée, que le moindre souffle éteint. Mais il faut encore bien moins qu'il arrive à se trop mépriser. Il est vraiment une créature faite à l'image de Dieu, et, à ce titre, il lui est permis d'entrer par sa raison dans les desseins et la pensée du Créateur de toutes choses. Ce doit être ici-bas sa plus haute ambition, et c'est cette ambition que la science lui permet de réaliser. ... Nous ne sommes point ici-bas pour jouir et pour consommer. Triste fin que celle-là, si c'était la fin de l'homme. Non, nous sommes ici-bas, nous dit la

Other scientists, who distinguished themselves in Mineralogy, will be mentioned in another chapter.

VIII. GEOLOGY.

When the discussion turns on the relations between Geology and Christianity we must first of all consider the Mosaic account of the Creation, and its relation to modern researches concerning the history of the earth. If we wished to enter on the question we could name a series of honoured geologists of the 19th century who sought to show the agreement between science and the Holy Writ in this connection. For example, De Luc († 1817), G. Cuvier († 1813), Mac Culloch († 1835), Von Fuchs († 1856), Buckland († 1856), Hugh Miller († 1856), De Serres († 1862), Hitchcock († 1864), F. Pfaff († 1886), Dana († 1895), Dawson († 1899), W. Waagen († 1900).

We here disclaim any intention of seeking to strengthen the agreement between the Bible and Nature by the testimony of naturalists. It is not necessary to lay any weight on the proof of the agreement under consideration.

A thousand years before the dawn of geological research, St. Augustine put forward the view that the whole world was made at one time and in the same instant, and that the six days of the Mosaic account of Creation were only a narration of the different classes and orders

religion, pour aimer et servir Dieu; nous sommes ici-bas, nous dit la science, pour tâcher de comprendre et pour admirer la volonté et la pensée divines: à bien les prendre, ces réponses n'en font qu'une. Quoted from Termier ante 190.

of creatures so that each and every thing created might be pointed out with greater clearness as the work of the Almighty power1. This interpretation has never been condemned by the Church. Hence if Geology could prove that the literal interpretation of the Biblical account of creation is untenable, it would only be proved thereby that the correct explanation of that part of Holy Writ in terms of natural history was to be sought for on the lines pointed out by St. Augustine. Of course there can be no contradiction between the trustworthy results of science, and the properly interpreted word of God.

But what are the trustworthy results of Geology, and what is the correct interpretation of the revealed word of God looked at from the point of view of natural history? Holy Writ usually speaks of natural processes in popular terms, derived from the external appearance of things, which make no attempt to explain their essence. From the trustworthy results of science we must find out how the realities which underlie these terms are to be understood. Accordingly, there can be no question of any contradiction between Biblical expressions and scientific knowledge. On the other hand it is extremely difficult, when treating of Geology, to separate trustworthy results from hypotheses more or less probable. What is the accepted view to-day may in twenty years time be recognised as an error. Therefore caution is necessary in investigating the agreement between the Bible and Nature. Scholars have often read their favourite geological opinions into Holy Writ, and

1 Deum ab exordio saeculi primum omnia creavisse, quaedam conditis iam ipsis naturis, quaedam praeconditis causis (Aug., De Genesi ad litt. 7, 28). Concerning the history of the work of the six days v. F. de Hummelauer, In Genesim, Parisiis 1895, 49 ff.