triaceton-alcamine; benzal-diacetonamine; amido-trimethyl-oxybutyro-nitrile resulting from the action of prussic acid on diacetonamine; and amido-dimethyl-acetic acid, obtained by the oxidation of diacetonamine; while a paper published a few months since describes a new aceton base containing sulphur. Prof. Heintz's activity was manifested up to within a few months of his death. In addition to the paper just alluded to his contributions to chemical literature during the year just closed include articles on triaceton-diamine, on the existence of acetonine, on two compounds of urea with chloride of gold, and on diethidene lactamic acid.

Prof. Heintz was the recipient in 1862 of thehonorary degree of M.D. from the University of Königsberg in recognition of his services to physiological chemistry. In 1876 he was elected an honorary member of the London Chemical Society. T. H. N.

A

SMOKE ABATEMENT MEETING was held in the Egyptian Hall at the Mansion House on Friday last, under the presidency of the Lord Mayor, to consider the best means of remedying the evils arising from the present smoky condition of the atmosphere of London. Among those present were Mr. G. J. Shaw-Lefevre, M.P. (First Commissioner of Works), Mr. W. Spottiswoode (President of the Royal Society), Dean Stanley, Sir U. Kay-Shuttleworth, Dr. Farquharson, M.P., Mr. Ernest Hart (Chairman of the joint committee of the Health and Kyrle Societies), Col. Festing, R. E., Dr. Alfred Carpenter, and Prof. Chandler Roberts.

Mr. Ernest Hart, in explaining the objects of this movement, said that some practical advance had already been made. It was not pretended that fogs could be prevented; but since smoke added opaqueness and corrosive and other deleterious qualities to London fogs, much might be done to diminish the discomforts and evils we suffered from this cause. Having described the objects proposed to be attained by an exhibition of apparatus and smokeless fuel, he gave the results of some calculations in order to bring home to the minds of his hearers the enormous waste of money involved in the present arrangements for heating houses.

Mr. Spottiswoode stated that a committee of the Royal Society had been appointed to investigate the facts connected with the formation of fog; but while we looked to science to tell us what was wanted to improve our atmosphere, we looked to the legislature to carry out those effectual preventive measures which all hoped would some day or other be devised. Nevertheless, without the strenuous aid and co-operation of every householder the best legislation could be turned to but little account. In conclusion he moved, "That it is the opinion of this meeting that the smoky condition of the atmosphere of London injuriously affects the health and happiness of the community, besides destroying public buildings, deteriorating perishable fabrics, and entailing in various ways unnecessary expenditure."

Sir Frederick Pollock seconded the resolution, and urged that much might be done if every one who had an old fire-grate to replace would provide one of an approved and really more economical pattern.

Mr. G. J. Shaw-Lefevre moved, "That this meeting is further of opinion that the injurious effects of fog are largely due to the quantities of smoke given forth from the chimneys of furnaces, manufactories, and steamvessels, as well as dwelling-houses, and that the smoke in the metropolis might, without any considerable difficulty, be greatly lessened by the better enforcement of the existing law, by the introduction of amended legislation, and by the general use in all descriptions of premises, including dwelling-places, of proper smoke-preventing apparatus, improved household stoves and grates, or of

smokeless fuel." As the head of the public department responsible for the public works of this great metropolis, he need hardly assure those present that he was deeply impressed with the importance of the subject under discussion. The importance of pure water was often insisted upon, but surely pure air was even more important. Yet, for years past, it must be admitted that the air of London had been getting worse, and fogs were denser and of longer duration than formerly, even invading the summer months. There could be no doubt that forty or fifty years ago London was famous for its roses; now it was impossible to get the rose to blossom here, and it was all but impossible to get any of the conifers to grow in the darkness of the London atmosphere. He should, however, deprecate any hasty attempts to legislate. Much might be done by the extension of the existing Acts relating to the abatement of the nuisance from smoke, and he thought Government might be rightly called upon to give some additional facilities for the purpose of enforcing those Acts. It was monstrous that in these days so many factories should not be consuming their own smoke, and, since there was a great economy in the use of appliances which prevented this waste of fuel, there was no hardship in enforcing the Act. When they came to the question of the domestic consumption, he thought it would not be wise to attempt to interfere by any legislation. They must rather trust to persuasion and example and inducements. His own hope was in the introduction of some other heat-giving apparatus. Doubtless the substitution of anthracite for northcountry coal would be an advantage; but he did not see the means of persuading the enormous mass of householders to use the smokeless coal unless it could be distinctly proved to them that there would be economy in the change. He would suggest that it might be worth while for the gas companies to turn their attention to the production of gas for heating purposes. He could not help thinking that the time was not very far distant when not only our streets and public buildings, but also our private houses, would be lighted by electricity. There were non-luminous gases suitable for heating purposes, which might be made at a much less cost than the gas at present supplied for lighting. From a friend he had learnt that water-gas, which could be made at a low rate, was used in many towns in America for heating purposes. Every one could do something to help forward this good work of abating smoke, and for himself he would promise to use his efforts in the department with which he was connected to diminish the nuisance from smoke. When he mentioned that some 20,000 tons of coal were purchased annually by the department, the meeting would appreciate the extent to which the public offices added to the smoke in the atmosphere of the metropolis. hoped the time would not be far distant when they would have restored the atmosphere of London to its early purity, the blossom to our London roses, and the bloom to the cheeks of our London children.

66

He

Dr. Alfred Carpenter urged that this was a question particularly affecting the middle class and the poor, the waste of fuel at present being deplorable. He moved That this meeting approves the proposal of the joint Committee of the National Health and Kyrle Societies to hold an exhibition, by permission of Her Majesty's Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851 and the other authorities, in buildings erected for the International Exhibition of 1862, of the various smokeless coals and other fuels, and of various appliances applicable to household and manufacturing purposes for the reduction of smoke, and to test the same, in order to demonstrate for public information the means practically available to secure that object. This meeting is of opinion that the investigation and testing should precede any application for amendment of the existing Smoke Acts, or for new legislation in regard to smoke from dwelling.houses."

THE INDO-CHINESE AND OCEANIC RACESTYPES AND AFFINITIES1

III.

IN N the accompanying series of illustrations the late King of Camboja (Fig. 14) and the Stîeng of the forest region east of the Me-Khong, between 12°-13° N. lat. (Fig. 15), may be compared, on the one hand, with the famous statue of the leprous king, Bua-Sivisi Miwong (Fig. 16), the traditional builder of the temple of Ongkor-Vâht, and on the other with the first King of Siam and his late Queen (Figs. 17 and 18). Here the resemblance of Figs. 14, 15, 16 to the European type and difference from the Mongoloid Siamese (17 and 18) is too obvious to need further comment. For these illustrations from Mouhot's "Travels in Siam, &c.," I am indebted to the courtesy of the publishers, Messrs. Murray, Albemarle Street.

The Caucasian element in Indo-China differs from the

Mongoloid quite as much in speech as it does in other respects. Here the Mongol races, as already stated, all speak monosyllabic toned languages; but the Cambojans and kindred peoples all speak polysyllabic untoned languages, a fact scarcely yet recognised even by the bestinformed philologists. Taking the Khmêr as the typical language of this group, it will be convenient here to establish its polysyllabic character, reserving the question of its true affinities till we come to the allied races of Malaysia and Polynesia. The so-called monosyllabic or isolating family of languages-Chinese, Tibetan, Annamese, Siamese, Laos, Khasia, Shan, Burmese, Khyeng, Karen, Talaing, Kuki, and most of the innumerable Himalayan dialects-must all be regarded as at present reduced to a state of profound phonetic decay. Whether originally they were all essentially monosyllabic, possessing, like the Aryan, roots of one syllable only, it is very difficult to say; but it seems certain that they were not originally toned. In fact there can be no reasonable doubt that the tones are a later development, worked out unconsciously to preserve distinctions between words that had assumed the same form by loss of initial or final letters. Thus in Chinese the final letters m, k, t, p have disappeared in the correct Mandarin dialect, causing roots like kom, kok, kot, kop all to assume the form of ko, toned four different ways according to the sense.

This principle, which, combined with the absence of inflection or root modification, constitutes the very essence of the monosyllabic system, pervades the whole family. But it is absolutely unknown in the Khmêr group, in which words, whether monosyllables or polysyllables, are always uttered without intonation, as in all other languages. Its polysyllabic character was not recognised by Francis Garnier, but it has been abundantly demonstrated by Bouillevaux and Aymonnier, and will be made evident further on. But because the Cambojans are of Caucasian, and their speech of polysyllabic, type, it does not follow that the Cambojan must be an Aryan language. As already pointed out, within the Caucasian ethnical, there are several fundamentally distinct linguistic groups, which are now past reconciliation. To attempt to affiliate Cambojan with Sanskrit must necessarily end in failure, as did Bopp's attempt to include the "Malayo-Polynesian" in the Aryan family. It must always be remembered that man is at least a quaternary, if not a tertiary animal, consequently that human speech is probably several hundred thousand years old. This period has been too short to evolve more than perhaps three or four really distinct physical types, but it has been long enough to evolve perhaps hundreds of really distinct linguistic types, many now extinct, some lingering on in contracted areas and remote corners, several, like the Sorb of Lusatia and the Pyrenean Basque, actually dying out, some few, like the Chinese, Russian, Spanish, and especially English, absorbing most of the rest, and threatening to divide the world between them.

1 Continued from p. 224.

B. CAUCASIAN TYPE-(Continuea)

V. OCEANIC BRANCH: Indonesian and Sawaiori, or Eastern Polynesian Groups.

All the Oceanic peoples, other than the dark races of Class A, are commonly grouped together under the collective term 'Malayo-Polynesian.' By this name are consequently understood all the yellow, brown, or olivebrown inhabitants of Malaysia and the Indian and Pacific Oceans, that is to say, all varieties of Malays in Malacca and the Dutch East Indies, the Malagasy of Madagascar, the Philippine Islanders, the Micronesians, the natives of Formosa and the large brown Eastern Polynesians. The expression was originally proposed by William von Humboldt, merely in a linguistic sense, to designate the group of fundamentally connected languages, which really prevail amongst all these widely diffused peoples. But, like Aryan and so many other similar terms, it gradually acquired an ethnical meaning, and most ethnologists now take it for granted that there is a Malayo-Polynesian race, as there is a Malayo-Polynesian speech. But such is not the case, and as on the mainland, so in the Oceanic area, the presence of the two distinct Caucasian and Mongolian types must be recognised and carefully distinguished. It seems hopeless to do this as long as the misguiding expression Malayo-Polynesian continues to figure in scientific writings. While retaining Malay for the typical olive-brown Mongolian element in the Eastern Archipelago, I have elsewhere proposed Indo-Pacific for the brown Caucasian element in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and Sawaiori for the large brown Polynesians, constituting the eastern and most important branch of that element.

It has already been remarked that the Caucasians are the true autochthones of Indo-China. They seem to have also preceded the Mongol migration to the Archipelago, no doubt driven thither by the continual pressure of the Mongols advancing southwards and eastwards from High Asia. In the Archipelago they occupied chiefly the large islands of Sumatra, Borneo, Gilolo, and Celêbes, here probably exterminating the aboriginal Negrito tribes. But here also they were followed by the Mongols from the mainland, with whom some amalgamated, producing the present mixed races of Western Malaysia, while others migrated eastwards to their present homes in the Eastern Pacific. Here they occupy almost exclusively all the islands east of a line running from Hawaii through Samoa to New Zealand, those groups included. West of that line they are found mostly blended with the Melanesians, as explained in Section II., but also in a pure state at a few isolated spots such as the Ellice and Phoenix Islands, Rotuma and Uvea in the Loyalty group. They are also found blended with the Malay and other elements in Micronesia.

That this large brown race reached the Pacific from the west there can be no reasonable doubt, and this view is now consequently held by Hale, Flower, Whitmee, de Quatrefages, and most recent ethnologists. F. Müller and de Quatrefages have even identified their legendary Pulotu, or Western Island of the Blest, with Buro in Malaysia, which is accordingly taken as their probable starting-point.

But from whatever place they set out, they seem to have settled first in Samoa, which may therefore be taken as their second point of dispersion. "From this centre, and more particularly from the Island of Savaii, the principal of the group, their further migrations may be traced with some certainty from archipelago to archipelago through the uniform traditions of the various groups. In these traditions Savaii1 is constantly

This word Savaii has by some been identified with Java. But the primitive form seems undoubtedly to have been Savaiki, in which both s and are organic. On the other hand Java is the Sanskrit Yavah for Diavah, the two-stalked barley, where the initial organic is d, dropped as in the Latin Janus fr Dianus (roo、 dus). Besides, although there are many Sanskr.t words in the Malay dialects, there are noue in the Sawa ori, the Caucasians having migrated eastwards long before the appearance of the Hindus in the Archipelago. Hence although they may have

[Fan. 13, 1881

referred to under diverse forms as the original home of the race, or otherwise persists, as shown in the subjoined list, which will also serve to illustrate the permutation of letters in all these closely-connected dialects :

SAVAIKI. Organic Sawaiori form of the word. SAVAII.-The Samoan form; here still the name of the island referred to in the Sawaiori traditions. HAVAII.-The Tahitian form; here "the universe," "the world" in the national odes; also the old capital of Raiatea Island.

AVAIKI.-The Rarotonga form; here "the land under the wind."

HAWAIKI.-The Maori form; here the land whence came the first inhabitants of New Zealand.

FIG. 16.-Caucasian Type, Indo-China. Statue of the Leprous King, founder of Ongkor-Vâht, Camboja.

HAVAIKI.-The Marquesas form; here "the lower regions of the dead." Over the victims in human sacrifices are uttered the words, "To fenua Havaiki" Return to the land of thy forefathers. HAWAII. The Sandwich form; here still the chief island of the group.

=

HEAVAI.-The form in chart published by R. Forster in vol, v. of Cook's Second Voyage, and based on information furnished by Tapaia, a native of Tahiti, who had no personal knowledge of Samoa. HEAWIJE.-The form given by Cook in his account of his first visit to New Zealand (1770).1"

started from Java, they could not have carried its present name with them. I note that Prof. Sayce now identifies Janus with the Etruscan Ani, accounting for the 7 by assimilation with Janua (Academy, August 21, 1880). But is not Janua itself a derived form from Janus, whence also Januarius?

I

Philology and Ethnology of the Inter-Oceanic Races," by A. H. Keane, in Stanford's "Australasia," 1879.

FIG. 20.-Caucasian Type, Sumatra. Native of Batta Land. with regular features, less prominent cheek-bones, lightbrown complexion, with a ruddy tinge on the cheeks, finer hair, often brown and wavy, thicker beard. When in Jilolo in 1876 M. Achille Raffray met some so-called "Alfuros" of Dodinga, who might be taken as typical specimens of this Batta or Indonesian race (Tour du

FIG. 21.-Caucasian Type, Malaysia. Native of Pak-Pak, Batta Land. Asia is a question that cannot here be discussed, but it may be remarked that even the cautious Topinard ventures to include "the Ainos of Japan, the Miau-Tz' and the Lolos of Yunnan in the European group" ("Anthropology," p. 476).

C. MONGOLIAN TYPE

VI. CONTINENTAL BRANCH: Indo-Chinese Group. VII. OCEANIC BRANCH: Malayan Groups. The main features of the continental branch of this division are too well known to need special comment here. What we are more immediately concerned with is its relation to the Oceanic section, and this relation will come out the more clearly if both are treated together. To avoid misconception, it may be well to observe that a portion only of the Continental branch is comprised in the Indo-Chinese group; for there are many other groups, such as the Mongolian proper, the Manchurian, the Tatar or Turkic, the Japanese, the Corean, the Finnic scattered over the greater part of Asia and penetrating westwards to the Baltic seaboard and Middle Danube basin. All these must be held, apart from the question of miscigenation, to belong to one primeval stock, constituting the Yellow or Mongolian division of the human family. We are all familiar with its essential characteristics: flat and broad features, prominent cheek-bones, short broad and flat nose, black almond-shaped and oblique eyes, long black and lank hair nearly cylindrical in section, little or no beard, low stature averaging about 5 feet 4 inches, dirty yellow or tawny complexion, slightly prognathous and more or less brachycephalous head.

This description corresponds substantially with the ordinary Malay type, such as we see it in Java, Bali, Madura, many parts of Sumatra, round the coast of Borneo, and in the peninsula of Malacca. aborigines of this region, as shown in a previous section, were the Negritos; consequently the Malays, like the

The true