66 and the inexorable forces of nature,-a bat- | fessor Huxley in less genial moments would tle from which he so carefully sought to ex- have replied that while he gives such men clude the influence of faith, is not in the as Dr. Fraser full credit for not being chardistinctest possible contradiction to the latans, and for heartily believing what they spirit of religion, at least as that spirit is profess to believe, yet that he could not at understood by at least nine hundred and all admit that in their mode of dealing with ninety-nine out of every thousand who use misery and crime they are following genthe term at all? Are not his favourite uinely scientific methods, since their methagnostic" creeds, and the altar on which od, involves asking people to accept not he has more than once professed to lay his merely provisional human principles, like offerings, that inscribed to the Un- self-denial and love of your neighbour, as a known God," absolutely hostile to that en- cure for the evils of the world, but speculathusiasm of love to God and faith in God tive beliefs of a highly transcendental kind as which are the simplest and most universal the life and root of those principles. He elements of a "religious spirit"? You would have said "When we scientific men may feel wonder and awe for the impen- discover a remedy for any physical evil, say etrable mystery and secret of the universe," small-pox, the rationale of which we do not but you cannot feel love and faith. When understand, we do not put our remedy on any the Bishop of Manchester said, in reference other than empirical grounds; we say,to the labours of Professor Huxley and his where it has been tried there have been so colleagues, "I ask him, and those who many fewer illnesses and deaths than where were with him, whether, after all these it has not been tried, but we do not say,physical, material, and intellectual theories believe this or that theory as to the ultimate which they hold have been developed to the source of the disease in order that you may uttermost, they will solve the problem of have faith in our remedy. And so you poor the great moral and spiritual phenomena parsons,' if you want to follow a strictly with which men are surrounded, and scientific method, should say,-- practise the whether there is not also a place for us life of disinterested labour and self-denial, poor parsons as well as for men of science and you will find the moral benefit; but and philosophers? Professor Huxley you should not say,- believe in this historwould, we believe, if he had answered can-ical revelation of the divine character, of didly, have replied in the negative to both which the evidence is to many minds quite assertions. He would have said, "Cer- inadequate, in order that you may be the tainly our theories, however complete, will better able to live a life of disinterested never solve the problem of the great moral labour and self-denial." We cannot feel and spiritual phenomena with which men any doubt, with the knowledge we have obare surrounded; but none the less I must tained of Professor Huxley's mind by conreply that there is not a place for you poor stant study of his lay sermons, but that this persons as well, if, instead of assuming is his real view of the matter, if, indeed, be indeterminate problems as indeterminate, did not virtually betray it to be so, even and solving them practically by the best at Manchester, by the conspicuous lights you can, you will assume that you absence" of speculative theological and have transcendental solutions of these prob- moral studies from the list he gave of lems, for which there is no sort of evidence, lessons which he considered essential to and speak of certain hypotheses which are supplement the lessons of physical science. to my mind not only doubtful, but highly He dilated on the importance of a class of improbable, as if they were at the very core lessons which kept scientific men from beof truth." Again, to Bishop Fraser's fine coming "dry as dust," on the value of hisappeal to the men of science: -"If they tory, especially on account of the enthu will only believe that we are not sceptics siasm" which, according to Goethe, the in disguise, or charlatans trying to palm knowledge of history imparts; he dwelt on off upon the world something that has been the study of the beautiful, in art and music; found to fail; if they will only believe that but he completely omitted from his list of we want to tread as they tread, calmly, lessons which save men from being dry as step after step, where we find our remedies | dust the one alluded to by Bishop Fraser have succeeded, I think they will allow that as lying at the root of what may be called we are searching after truth,-the only moral medicine,- the lesson, which if it truth that I care to find,-practical truth, -truth that will elevate man in the scale of being, and I think they will admit that we are trying to follow out truth by strictly scientific methods,"— we believe that Pro 66 only be true, clearly does more than any other, create rivers of water in a dry place, and turn "the dry ground into a springing well." It can hardly be doubted, we think, that in declaring that could all the clergy only take Bishop Fraser's liberal | hypothesis the scientific strength which the ground, there would have been no cases physicists demand for their best accredited of antagonism between science and religion, “working hypotheses." If we have no - an antagonism which does not really ex- avenue to God but such as science demands ist, but which is the artifice and creation for the scientific discovery of cause, reliof men," Professor Huxley was scarcely gion in the Christian sense, an act of true to his own more deliberate faith,- faith and love, is a monstrous pretence. was, for a moment, sinking his convictions in his geniality. For in fact, however condescending modern science may be in its sociable afterdinner moods, those who represent best its most characteristic types of thought are religious men only in one sense, -in admitting that awe and wonder are the natural and legitimate attitudes of the mind towards the creative principle, while strenuously denying that anything sufficiently specific is known of that original cause to justify faith and love. And they deny it not only in fact, but in principle. Their only canon of proof is that laid down by Professor Tyndall, who asserted at Liverpool that the assumption that Professor Huxley is a reasonable being is merely a working hypothesis grounded on the observation that he usually behaves as if he were one, a "working hypothesis" not, on the whole, so sure as that which concludes the existence of an undulating ether, on the ground that the phenomena of light occur precisely as if there were such an ether. Apply such a doctrine as this to the religious sense, and it would naturally yield that which we see reason to think our great physicists really hold, namely a profound justification for awe and wonder in relation to the creative cause, but no justification for the feelings entertained by Christians, or even Theists, towards a God infinitely bolier (in the best sense we can give to that word) as well as wiser than man. The modern science, disguise it as we may, rejects all evidence of canses, whether called divine or not, which cannot be verified, as working hypotheses" in science are verified, by minute explanation of what is known and minute prediction of phenomena hitherto undiscovered and unknown, but discovered by the aid of the hypothesis itself. Bishop Fraser and Messrs. Tyndall and Huxley may dine together as often as they please and unite as heartily as they may on the neutral ground of institutions like Owens College, but they will never reconcile their real premisses of thought, as Professor Huxley in his benignant mood was almost inclined to fancy that they could. The phenomena of the universe, though they are not ultimately inconsistent with the "hypothesis" of what we mean by a perfectly holy God, would never lend that 64 It is impossible to pray to a hypothesis of the intellect. It is a mockery to justify belief in God on the hint of Bishop Fraser, 66 as we do not for a moment suppose that he meant it for an adequate justification of religious belief, that a strict induction shows that those who hold this belief succeed better in extinguishing the moral evil of the world than those who do not. There is a real antagonism between the assumption of the physicists that all knowledge rests on the same method, the scientific method of proof, and the assumption of the Christian theist, who, if he is clear of head, must hold that God can convince the conscience and the heart, of His life and His power, without satisfying the intellect. It is impossible to maintain truthfully, if we accept Professor Tyndall's test of truth, that all the phenomena of the universe happen if" they were due to a cause possessing in the highest degree holiness, as human beings interpret holiness. Those of us who hold the existence of such a God with a confidence as profound as we give to our own existence, cannot pretend to do so on the strength of any inductive verification of a working hypothesis. Those who preach, as the physicists preach, that all our knowledge comes in one channel, and is to be submitted to the same tests as our knowledge of inductive science, preach a principle which must be for ever in conflict with religious faith; and it is rather a pity, we think, that this real and profound intellectual issue should be disguised under the ententes cordiales of after-dinner reconciliations. Bishop Fraser and Professor Huxley can reverence and respect each other as two men so good and wise ought to do, without either of them blinding himself to the fact that they do hold irreconcilable principles of thought, which no amount of candour and geniality either can or ought to conceal. From The Saturday Review. ITALY AND ROME. THE Italian Government, having once resolved to occupy Rome, wisely determined to employ a force large enough to render resistance impossible. Half of General Cadorna's army of 50,000 men | right of the present Archbishops of May ence or Cologne to the principalities which once belonged to their sees is more utterly forgotten than the pretensions of the mediatized secular princes. would have easily disposed of the Pope's remaining troops, but the young and wellborn enthusiasts who up to the last moment threatened a useless opposition would scarcely have been induced, even by the The advocates of the Temporal Power commands of the Pope himself, to lay down justly complain that the Italian occupation their arms before two or three times their of Rome is inconsistent with the rules of own number. A siege or an assault would international law. By a generalization have caused wanton bloodshed, and the necessary in municipal and international inhabitants might have suffered in the jurisprudence, all sovereigns are supcontest. The general in command was posed to enjoy equal rights and a common directed to avoid, in his language and in his immunity from external interference. On acts, all appearance of hostility to the Pope. the other hand, war and territorial conquest In taking possession of the city he professed supersede all existing titles; and the Pope, to make an entry, and not to effect a con- at worst, only incurs the penalty which in quest. It is perhaps not surprising that the all parts of Europe has again and again atPope should, according to the statement of tached to the inability of rulers to defend an Ultramontane paper, have informed the their dominions. The only period of modEnvoy of the Italian Government that he and ern history in which the rights of weak his employers were no better than whited sep- sovereigns were in some degree guarded ulchres. Transparent fictions, however cour- by a kind of federal power was the interval teous, are not to be tolerated except when between the Congress of Vienna and the they are used by saintly personages for the Revolutions of 1848. While the five Great service of the Church. More recently the Powers controlled the affairs of the ContiPope has taken an attitude less manifestly nent, no Government would have ventured, at variance with his actual position, and he without previous concert, to have absorbed has so far submitted to necessity as to in- a neighbouring principality. The seizure vite the presence of Italian troops within by Austria of the free city of Cracow was the precincts of the Leonine city for the effected with the sanction of Russia and maintenance of public order, and even to Prussia, in spite of the remonstrances of consent to an Italian occupation of the England. The system, while it was adCastle of St. Angelo. There is no reason, mirably effective in preserving the general however, for assuming that he is prepared peace, had the defect of relating only to to compromise pretensions which he has the titles of Governments, to which the hitherto deemed it sacrilege to call in ques- interests of subjects were often directly tion. He is perfectly justified in assuming opposed. Before the commencement of that the offers of the King of Italy are sug- the revolutionary period it would have been gested by policy rather than by generosity, impossible for Italy to get rid of her petty and instead of accepting a part of his for- tyrants; and Germany had not yet entered mer possessions as a compensation he may on the task of completing her national fairly regard the Vatican as a remnant unity. The creation of the Kingdom of which has for the present been spared by Italy was not the result of legal doctrines, the spoiler. During the remainder of his but of political and historical causes. life he may, unless the Democratic party accquisition of Rome and its territories obtains control of the Italian Government, must be defended on the assumption both with perfect impunity denounce the pro- that the inhabitants desired annexation to tectors who have taken possession of his the Italian Kingdom, and that the vicinity property as whited sepulchres and excom- of a hostile and independent little State was inunicated usurpers. His successor, al- dangerous to Italy. The Tablet indigthough he may be equally entitled to all nantly declares that the approval of the octhe indefeasible rights of the Holy See, cupation by the English press deprives will not attract the same sympathy when he England henceforth of all title to the alleclaims a power which he will not have per- giance of Ireland. "If sovereign rights sonally enjoyed. Hereditary right, though are worthless in Rome, what are they worth it is regarded by theoretical jurists as a in Dublin?" The answer is that, in the creature of positive law, appeals more for- opinion of the majority of Englishmen, it cibly to the imagination than any elective is both a moral and a practicable duty to function. The future Pope will, as far as retain the sovereignty of Ireland in spite temporal sovereignty is concerned, be a of the disaffection of a part of the popuPretender, unconnected by blood with his lace. At the same time they hold that predecessors who reigned. The divine Rome will be better governed by the King The tire nation outside of his borders. of Italy than by the Pope, and they know If the arguments of the Papal party are that the recent change would have long either unsound or inoperative against acsince taken place but for the interference complished facts, their apprehensions and of a foreign Government. The Catholic regrets are thoroughly well-founded. It is world, for which the Pope is sometimes true that the Roman Catholic Church has said to have held his dominions on trust, suffered a heavy blow, and there is every abstains from raising through its various reason to believe that the loss will be proGovernments any objection to the Italian gressive. The residue of titular sovereignty enterprise. If the Holy See had no spe- is but a paltry substitute for the city and cial connexion with Italy, the maintenance territory of Rome; and the possession of of an alien State in the centre of the pe- what remains is in the highest degree preninsula would have justified a war of con- carious. In the middle ages the Church quest. A petty Italian potentate was mor- gained by almost every transaction, and ally bound to show political deference to there were no backward footsteps. Hencethe Government which represented the on- forth one advantage and prerogative after another will be withdrawn, and there is no chance of compensation. As Sir. G. Bowyer says, an Italian Government may at any time, without waiting for a Papal invitation or permission, send a regiment across the Tiber to suppress disturbances which it may possibly have encouraged. He also reasonably anticipates that the pious adjurations and censures which the Pope has constantly lavished on the King of Italy may hereafter be resented by the suspension of any pecuniary allowances which may have been stipulated or promised. The Prussian Government allowed the King of Hanover a large pension after his dethronement, but when it found that an hostility as implacable as that of the Pope to Italy expressed itself in overt acts, further installments were withdrawn. The Vatican Hill will require supervision as much as the Ghetto, to which the Jews in Rome were restricted by the pious jealousy of the Popes. It will be impossible permanently to tolerate the extravagances of the Jesuit newspapers, more especially since the claim of former Popes to release subjects from their allegiance has become infallibly legitimate. The most hopeless symptom of the Pope's condition is the utter indifference which has attended his fall. The Catholics throughout the world appear to regard the event with indifference; the Protestants themselves are scarcely jubilant in proportion to their ostensible triumph. It may be doubted whether the Italian Government, though it has for the moment baffled its revolutionary opponents, greatly rejoices in the acquisition of an inconvenient capital, or in the humiliation of an enemy who was rather troublesome than formidable. The rest of Europe is sufficiently occupied with matters more important than the collapse of an absolute institution. If the question of the expropriation of the Pope is to be considered with reference rather to principles than to facts, it may be remarked that he has consistently elected to rely on a sanction which has nothing to do with international law. In the Syllabus, now retrospectively covered by infallible authority, the Pope has declared that the temporal power is necessary, not for the discharge of mundane duties, but for the due performance of his spiritual functions. It evidently follows that his title would not be invalidated by any degree of misgovernment, or by the incompatibility of his sovereignity with the welfare of Europe or of mankind. The monstrous crines and follies which are imputed to the Roman Court by Garibaldi in his puerile romance could not, if they were practised in real life, overrule an ordinance of divine and perpetual obligation. The neighbours of an infallible and indefeasible sovereign may naturally complain of the difficulty of dealing with an exceptional and transcendental Power. Encroachment on the sacred domain would, on the principle established by the Pope himself, be not so much a crime as a sin only recognizable by ecclesiastical tribunals. The supernatural remedies against violence are now, as ever, at the uncontrolled disposal of the Pope. In former times they were sufficient to deter hostility as well as to punish it; and if they have now lost their ancient efficacy they cannot be reinforced by the aid of secular Governments. The rules of international law are, like other human compositions, conditional and limited in their effect. Pius IX has habitually disclaimed their binding force by asserting his own incapacity to enter into a contract which might in any respect infringe on the rights of the Church. The proverbial non possumus proves to have two meanings, and the Pope must now be content to use the phrase in its literal sense. From The Economist. denly some great national resolve, and we discover afterwards that for years it has THE massacre at Tientsin has turned been fermenting in the minds of the millions. public attention to our relations with China, Where the idea was born no man can tell. and not an instant too soon. Our horror First, doubtless, it was whispered vaguely at the savage cruelties perpetrated on the in market-places and bazaars, and talked French residents in the Treaty port on the of in cautious parables in the wretched Peiho is merged, as we read between the crowded hovels of the native towns. It lines of the sad story, in a more serious feel-infected the peasantry and the artisans, ing the apprehension of an approaching and gradually getting clearer it took root collision between the Conservative fanati- among the higher orders; it bore with cism of the Chinese and the foreign Powers severe stress upon the men in power, and who are privileged to trade with China. came at last to be used as a weapon for Already the interest excited by the mas- ambition. Every popular superstition, sacre has brought us a mass of evi- every unlucky accident, is worked into the dence direct and indirect which throws structure of this national impulse, and every much light on the larger and graver trifle becomes a pretext for its outbreak. question. It cannot be doubted that the So it was in India before the Mutiny of jealousy with which the intrusion of the for- 1857, and so it is to-day in China. All the eigner has always been viewed in China, sort of evidence which we had of a threatenbut which was in some measure held in ing movement in India before 1857, — the check by the successes of the French and stories of vague, wild hopes, of old propheEnglish arins and the subsequent conces- cies revived, of belief in the decadence of sions of the several treaties, has again England, of daily increasing animosity grown strong and fierce. The outrage at lacquered over with the flowing courtesy of Tientsin whatever the local or personal the East, all this we hear again from influences may have been was but the residents in China. The masses who, five culminating outburst of a dangerous spirit years ago, were cowed and abject, are now which judicious observers say has been confident and insolent. It is not possible gathering force in the Chinese mind. It is for a foreigner to walk the streets of Pekin disheartening to have to confess this; it is without being followed by a howling mob. discouraging to be compelled to forecast The contempt with which Europeans are the further development of this danger. treated is becoming more and more exultWe knew all along that we had got the ant. The disasters which the French met official and literary class against us; that, with in the Corea are taken as proofs of the in spite of the bland Chinese courtesy and weakness of the Western Powers; and the eloquent deceit which fooled poor Mr. Bur- warlike preparations that the Chinese are lingame to the top of his bent, every man-making-the rifles and the ordnance that darin in the Empire feared and hated the they have manufactured after European presence of the Europeans. Western learn- models, the military stores they have acing they dreaded even more than Western cumulated, and the troops they have disciarms, but the immediate terror of the latter plined confirm the popular belief that in kept them quiet for awhile. Meantime we another war the foreigners would be defeated thought we were winning the confidence of and driven out of the "flowery land." the people, and that in a short time their With such feelings astir in the national traditional suspicion and hatred of the mind, pretexts will easily be found for an "foreign devils" would die away. We outbreak. The story of the greased carcongratulated ourselves that the envy of tridges was enough to set the match to the the official classes being neutralized the prepared explosion that desolated India in people would soon come to like and trust 1857. A wilder legend, charging the forBut now it seems this hope was vain.eigners with the crime of killing children in There are some signs that one of those order to boil their eyes for drugs, set the strange unfathomable movements which con- ferocious populace at Tientsin upon the vulse the great nations of Asia has begun French residents. What new invention or to show its signs on the surface of events. old superstition may bring on a more exIt is from below, not from above, that the tended catastrophe cannot be foretold, but swelling impulse comes; and the ruling there are only too many current. classes, unable to control it if they would, moment, it is to be feared, there may be an must now bow down to its force. In these organized and general attempt to expel the immense densely peopled countries, in foreigners, and then we should find ourChina as in India, there comes to light sud-selves embarked upon another Chinese war. us. At any |