Knowest thou the way to Dover? -Both stile and gate, horseway, and footpath. Shakspeare.

Open the gate of mercy, gracious God! My soul flies through these wounds to seek thee. Id. Gateways between inclosures are so miry, that they cannot cart between one field and another. Mortimer's Husbandry.

He feeds yon almshouse, neat but void of state, Where age and want sit smiling at the gate. Pope. GATES, in agriculture, are the convenient moveable parts of fences, generally formed of timber or iron, which are designed to give the freest inlet or outlet to enclosures, and at the same time to keep in cattle and admit of being

securely closed

The great object is generally said to be to combine strength with lightness in their construction. The common sort are constructed of timber, and, whatever kind may be used, it is essential that it be well seasoned, as without attention in this respect they are soon warped in their structure by the heat of the sun they should also be well and correctly put together. Oak is andoubtedly the best sort of wood for the purpose, where durability is the object; though some of the lighter kind of woods, as deal, willow, &c., will often last a great length of time, and from their lightness they are not so apt to destroy themselves. The lighter gates are made towards the head or opening part, the better, provided they be sufficiently strong for the pur pose they are to serve; and, on this account, the top bars may in many cases, as where horses are to be kept, be left considerably stronger than the others. If this be not done, they are liable to be broken by the animals rubbing their necks upon them, except where they are made very high. Gates are generally made eight and a half or nine feet in width, and from five to six feet in height; the bars being three or four feet broad, and five or six in number. To prevent small animals getting through, a smaller bar is sometimes introduced between the two lowermost ones. At the ordinary prices of wrought iron and oak, the former will be found of doubtful economy, and cast iron gates are too heavy, and too liable to be broken, for agricultural purposes, but they are frequently used for ornamental gates, to divide pastures.

The posts to which gates are attached should, in all convenient cases, says Mr. Loudon, be formed of stone; as this material, when hewn and properly constructed, will last for ages. When formed of wood, oak or larch are the best sorts. The latter, where suitable, should be used without removing the bark, which has been found to add greatly to their durability. In some places it is customary to plant trees for gate-posts, and, after they have attained a certain size and thickness, to cut them over about ten feet above the surface: where the trees thrive, they form the most durable of all gate-posts; in many instances, however, they misgive, and much trouble is necessary to repair the defect. Where the posts are made of dead timber, they should always be strong, and the wood well prepared; that part which is let into the earth should also be defended, by dipping it in coarse vil, or giving it a coat of pyrolignous liquor;

and all that is above ground exposed to the action of the weather should be well covered with one or two good coats of oil-paint. The expense of this preparation is but trifling, while the benefit is very great.

According to Parker, the substance of a gatepost should be from eight to ten inches square, or, for very heavy gates, a foot square would not be too large. If made of still larger size i is better. And he says, that the steadiness of a gate-post depends, in a great measure, upon the depth to which it is set in the ground, which ought to be nearly equal to the height of it. But the posts may be kept in their places by a Five or six feet is, in general, fully sufficient. strong frame-work placed under the ground, extending between the posts.

The common slip-bar gate is, perhaps, the most durable of any, especially where the gateposts are of stone, with proper openings for the reception of the bars. The only objection is the trouble of opening and shutting this gate; which, when servants or others are passing through it in a hurry, occasions its being frequently left open. In other respects it is preferable to every other description of gate, says the above writer, both in the original cost and greater durability. It is to be noticed, however, that upon the verge of a farm or estate, especially where it is bounded by a high road, the slip-bar gate will not answer, as it does not admit of being locked, or secured in the same way as other gates. But the chained slip-bar gate, though more expensive, is not liable to this objection. Here the bars are connected by a chain down the middle of the gate, and therefore, if one bar is padlocked to the post, none of them can be moved till that one is unlocked.

Parker's compensation-hinge for gates is much in use, and forms an excellent corrective to their falling; all that is necessary when the gate sinks at the head is to screw it up by the nut n, till it regains its original position.

A gate should have one fall to the hanging post to make it catch, and another to a point at a right angle with the gateway, so as to keep it open. To effect this, having set the post perpendicular, let a plumb-line be drawn upon it: on this line, at a proper height, place the hook, so that it may project three inches and a half from the face of the post; and at a convenient distance below this place the lower hook an inch and a half to one side of the perpendicular line, and projecting two inches from the face of the post; then place the top loop, or eye, two inches from the face of the hanging stile, and the bottom loop three inches and a half. A gate thus hung will have a tendency to shut in every position; because if the weight of the gate be represented by a diagonal line from the heel to the head, this, by the resolution of forces, is resolvable into other two lines, one perpendicular, and the other horizontal; the former representing that part of the weight which presses in a perpendicular position, and the latter that part of the weight which presses in a horizontal direction, and gives the gate a tendency to shut.

The fastenings of gates, it is observed by Parker, are as various as the blacksmiths who construct them the subject occupied his attention in connexion with the hanging of gates, and he has introduced various improvements. One of the

most secure is a spring latch a, opened by a lever b, which works in a groove of the upper bar of the gate, and therefore cannot be rubbed open by cattle; while, by means of a knob at the end of the lever, and rising up against the top of the upright bar c, so that cattle cannot touch it, it is very easily opened by persons on horseback with or without a stick or whip.

A cheap, simple, and effective spring-latch consists of a bolt which is loose, and plays freely in two mortised openings in the upright bars, and is kept in place by a spring. The gate may be shut from either side, when the bar, striking against the projection on the falling post is pushed back, till, arriving at the mortise, the spring forces it in, and the gate is shut securely. Such a gate is easily opened by a rider. This is a good latch for the common field-gates of a farm.

Double, or folding gates, are sometimes considered to be much more durable than those of the swing kind; because the bars, being only half the length, render the joints of the gate not so liable to be broken, or the hinges to be so much strained. On the other hand, such gates require more opening and shutting, and the latter operation is troublesome to perform, when both halves have fallen at all from the perpendicular. These gates are not, therefore, in such general use in agriculture, as the swing kind; but are common only as gates to parks, &c.

Clarke's window-sash gate is the last invention we shall notice. It is suspended by two weights, and opens and shuts exactly on the principle of a window-sash. The weights may be of stone or cast iron; the pulleys are of iron, and nine inches diameter. It was applied in the first instance to a cattle-court; but has since been erected in different situations. Its advantages the inventor states to be the following:-It is easy to open b, or shut a; remains in whatever situation it is placed; is not liable to be beaten to pieces by the action of the wind; shuts always perfectly close, whatever be the height of the straw or dung in the court or gateway; a cart may be driven quite close on either side before opening; is perfectly out of the way when fully open, and not liable to shut on what is passing; the gate bottom not liable to decay by being immersed in the dung, as is commonly the case with cattle court-gates; not liable to go out of order; may be erected in a hollow place, where a swinging-gate could not open either outwardly or inwardly; and is likely to be more durable than ordinary gates. See diagram.

GATES, in a military sense, are made of strong planks, with iron bars, to oppose an enemy. They are generally made in the middle of the curtain, whence they are seen and defended by the two flanks of the bastions. They should be covered with a good ravelin, that they may not be seen or enfiladed by the enemy. These gates, belonging to a fortified place, are passages through the rampart, which may be shut and opened by means of doors and a portcullis. They are either private or public.

Private Gates are those passages by which

the troops can go out of the town unseen by the enemy, when they pass to and from the relief of the duty in the outworks, or on any other occasion which is to be concealed from the besiegers.

Public Gates are those passages, through the middle of such curtains, to which the great roads of public ways lead. The dimensions of these are usually about thirteen or fourteen feet high, and nine or ten feet wide, continued through the rampart, with proper recesses for foot passengers to stand in, out of the way of whee. car

riages.

GATESHEAD, a town of Durham, separated from Newcastle, by the Tyne; over which there is a fine stone bridge, which formerly had an iron gate in the middle, with the arms of Durham on one side, and those of Newcastle on the other; being the boundary between the bishopric and Northumberland. It is a borough by prescription, but not privileged to send members to parliament. Here are considerable manufactories of cast and wrought iron, whiting, &c. The church is a fine building, with a very high tower; and in the church-yard are several ancient monuments. There are few traces left of its ancient monastery, except a stone gateway, of rather a modern erection. The house covered two acres and a half of land. Here is a free school for grammar, arithmetic, and navigation. Gateshead Fell, a bleak and clevated ridge, extending southward from the town, is famous for its grindstone quarries, whence the Newcastle stones are exported to all parts of the world. The view of Newcastle and the Tyne from the hill on the north of the Hexham road is uncommonly grand. Gateshead is thirteen miles north-east of Durham. GATEVEIN, n. s. Gate and vein. The vein

otherwise called vena porta.

Being a king that loved wealth, he could not endure to have trade sick, nor any obstruction to continue in the gatevein which disperseth that blood.

Bacon's Henry VII.

GATH, or GETH, in ancient geography, a city of the Philistines, and one of their five satrapies. It is famous for having given birth to Goliath. David made a conquest of it, and it continued subject to his successors, till the declension of the kingdom of Judah. Rehoboam rebuilt and fortified it; king Uzziah retook it, and Hezekiah once more reduced it under his subjection. Some authors, among whom is F. Calmet, have committed an egregious mistake in making Gath the most southern, and Ekron the most northern, of the Philistine cities; as if these had been the two boundaries of their dominions, whereas they are not above five miles asunder; and Gaza is the last of the five satrapies south. Josephus expresses himself plainly enough, when he says, that Hezekiah took all the Philistine cities from Gaza to Gath; there being many more cities of that name, which signifies in the Hebrew a winepress. Several more of the name of Geth or Gath are mentioned in Eusebius and St. Jerome, whose situation, according to them, plainly shows them to have been different places from this, and from each other; besides those which had an adjunct to distinguish them. This city recovered its liberty and lustre in the time of the prophets Amos and Micah, but was afterwards demolished by Hazael, king of Syria; since which it became of but little consideration till the time of the crusades, when Fulk king of Jerusalem built a castle on its ruins. It was thirty-two miles west of Jerusalem.

GATH'ER, v.a., v. n., & n. s.
GATHERER, n. s.

GATHERING, n.s

Saxon, gaðeɲan. According

to some authors contracted from get here; but the Belgic has gaderen, gader; Teut. gadern; and the Scotch, gadeer, of the same signification; and more probably compounded as the Goth. gadra, of gawidra, go and with. To collect, and form

By night, and listening where the hapless pair
Sat in their sad discourse, and various plaint,
Thence gathered his own doom. Milton's Paradise Lost.

Mademoiselle de Scudery, who is as old as Sibyl, is translating Chaucer into French: from which I gather that he has formerly been translated into the old Provencal. Dryden.

South, East, and West, on airy coursers born,
When the rival winds their quarrel try,
The whirlwind gathers, and the woods are torn. id.
Now breathes upon her hair with nearer pace.
He gathers ground upon her in the chace;
Id.

What have I done?

broad. In the eleventh century it had counts of its own, but was afterwards joined to Anjou. It was next divided into Gatinois, Orleanois, and François; and now forms part of the departments of the Seine and Marne, Seine and Oise, and Loiret. This district has been long celebrated for its saffron.

GATTEN-TREE, n. s. A species of Cornelian cherry.

GATTON, a small borough of Surrey, nineteen miles from London, on the side of a hill on the road to Ryegate. It is supposed to have been known to the Romans, from their coins and other antiquities found here. It is a borough by prescription; and has sent members to parliament ever since the 29th of Henry VI. It was formerly a large town. The members are returned by its constable, who is annually chosen at the lord of the manor's court.

GAUBIL (Anthony), a French author, born at Caillac in 1708. He was sent a missionary to China, and acted as interpreter at the court of Pekin. He published a history of Jengis Khan, and a translation of the Chou King. He died in 1759.

GAUBIUS (Hieronymus David), a celebrated physician of Holland. He studied under the illustrious Boerhaave; and became so much his favorite, that he resigned the chemical chair in his favor. He taught at Leyden with great applause for forty years. His reputation was extended all over Europe by several valuable publications, particularly by his Institutiones Pathalogia Medicinalis, and his Adversaria, which contributed not a little to the improvement of medicine. He died at Leyden, Nov. 20th, aged seventy-six.

GAUDE, n. s. & v. a. Lat. gaudere, to be GAU'DERY, n. s. glad.-Minsheu. ExGAU DILY, adv. pressive of what gives GAUDY, adj., & n.s. pleasure; whether to GAUʼDINESS, n. s. the eye, as splendid colors; to the taste, as a luxurious feast; or to the heart, as good news, &c.: of the pleasure itself, or the agents and mode of its communication.

By this gaude, have I wonnen, yere by yere An hundred mark, sin I was Pardonere.

Chaucer. The Pardoneres Tale.
she bare

Of smale corall, aboute hire arm,
A pair of bedes gauded all with grene.

Id. Prologue to Canterbury Tales.
He stole the' impression of her fantasy,
With bracelets of thy hair, rings, gaudes, conceits,
Knacks, trifles, nosegays, sweetmeats. Shakspeare.

The sun is in the heaven, and the proud day,
Attended with the pleasures of the world,
Is all too wanton, and too full of gaudes,
To give me audience.

My love to Hermia

Id. King Lear.

:

Stands in the centre, eager to invade The lord of lowing herds. Byron. Childe Harold. GAUDEN (Dr. Joseph), son of the Rev. John Gauden, vicar of Mayfield, in Essex, was born at Mayfield in 1605. At the commencement of the civil war, he was chaplain to Robert, earl of Warwick; whom he followed, on his taking part with the parliament against the king. Upon the establishment of the Presbyterian church government he complied with the ruling powers, and was nominated one of the assembly of divines who met at Westminster in 1643, and took the covenant; yet, having offered some objections to it, his name was afterwards struck out of the list. Nor did he espouse the cause of the parliament longer than they adhered to their first avowed principles of reforming only, instead of destroying, monarchy and episcopacy. In this spirit he signed the protestation to the army against the violent proceedings that affected the life of the king and a few days after his execution published the famous Eurov Baoiλun, A Portraiture of his Sacred Majesty in his Solitude and Sufferings which ran through fifty editions in the course of a year. Upon the return of Charles II. he was promoted to the see of Exeter; and in 1662 removed to Worcester, where he died the same year. He wrote many controversial pieces, and has generally been considered as the author of the Eikon Basilike. After the bishop's death, his widow, in a letter to one of her sons, calls it The Jewel; and said her husband had hoped to make a fortune by it. This assertion, as the earl of Clarendon had predicted, was eagerly espoused by the anti-royalists, in the view of disparaging Charles I. But it has been said, that Gauden had too luxuriant an imagination to be able to compose in so chaste but elevated a style; and thence, as bishop Burnet and others argue, that not he, but the king himself, was the true author. The whole of the arguments on each side of this disputed question may be found in Mr. Nichols's Literary Anecdotes.

GAUDENS (St.), a town of France, in the department of Upper Garonne, and late province of Languedoc, seated on the Garonne; eight miles north-east of Bertrand.

GAVEL, n. s. A provincial word for ground. Let it lie upon the ground or gavel eight or ten times. Mortimer.

GAVELET, in law, an ancient and special cessavit used in Kent, where the custom of gavelkind continues, by which the tenant, if he withdraws his rent and services due to the lord, forfeits his land and tenements. The process is thus:-The lord is first to seek by the steward of his court, from three weeks to three weeks, to find some distress upon the tenement, till the fourth court; and if at this time he find none, at this fourth court it is awarded, that he take the tenement in his hand in name of a distress, and keep it a year and a day without manuring; within which time, if the tenant pays his arrears, and makes reasonable amends for the with-holding, he shall have and enjoy his tenement as before: if he comes not before the year and day be past, the lord is to go to the next county court with witnesses of what had passed at his own court, and pronounce there his process, to have further witnesses; and then, by the award of his own court, he shall enter and manure the tene ment as his own: so that if the tenant desired afterwards to have and hold it as before, he must agree with the lord; according to this old saying: Has he not since any thing given, or any thing paid, then let him pay five pound for his were, ere he become healder again.' Other copies have the first part with some variation: Let him nine times pay, and nine times repay. GAVELET is also a writ used in the hustings, given to lords of rents in London. Here the parties, tenant and demandant, appear by scire facias, to show cause why the one should not have his tenement again on payment of his rent, or the other recover the lands on default thereof. GAVELKIND. A term in law. A custom whereby the lands of the father are equally divided, at his death, amongst all his sons; or the land of the brother equally among the brothers, if he have no issue of his own. This custom prevails in divers places in England, but especially in Kent. Among other Welsh customs he abolished that of gavelkind, whereby the heirs female were utterly excluded, and the bastards did inherit as well as the legitimate, which is the very Irish gavelkind.

Davies on Ireland.

GAVELKIND is a tenure belonging to lands in the county of Kent, and formerly universal in Ireland. The word is said by Lambard to be compounded of three Saxon words, gyf, eal, kyn, *omnibus cognatione proximis data.' Verstegan calls it gavelkind, quasi give all kind,' that is, to each child his part: and Taylor, in his his tory of gavelkind, derives it from the British gavel, i. e. a hold or tenure, and cenned, 'generatio aut familia;' and so gavel cenned might signify tenura generationis. It is well known what struggles the Kentish men made to preserve their ancient liberties, and with how much suc

cess those struggles were attended. And as it is principally here that we meet with the custom of gavelkind (though it was and is to be found in some other parts of the kingdom), we may conclude, that this was a part of those liberties; agreeably to Selden's opinion, that gavelkind, before the Norman conquest, was the general custom of the realm. The distinguishing properties of this tenure are principally these :-1. The tenant is of age sufficient to alienate his estate by feoffment, at the age of fifteen. 2. The

estate does not escheat in case of an attainder

and execution for felony their maxim being, 'the father to the bough, the son to the plough.' 3. In most places he had a power of devising lands by will, before the statute for that purpose was made. 4. The lands descend, not to the eldest, youngest, or any one son only, but to all the sons together; which was indeed anciently the most usual course of descent all over England, though in particular places particular customs prevailed; and it must be allowed, that it is founded on strict justice, however contrary to the present general practice.

GAUGAMELA, in ancient geography, a village of Aturia, lying between the rivers Lycus and Tigris; famous for Alexander's victory over Darius. It is said to have been allowed to

Darius Hystaspis for the maintenance of a caIt was near a more mel; and hence the name. considerable place called Arbela; whence the latter gave the name to the victory. See AR

A GAUGER is a king's officer, who is appointed to examine all tuns, pipes, hogsheads, and barrels, of wine, beer, ale, oil, honey, &c., and give them a mark of allowance, before they are sold in any place within the extent of his office.

GAUGING. See GEOMETRY.

GAUGING ROD, an instrument used in gaug ing or measuring the contents of any vessel. GAUL. See GALLIA.

GAULTHERIA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and decandria class of plants; natural order eighteenth, bicornes: CAL. exterior diphyllous, interior quinquefid: COR. Ovate; the nectarium consists of ten subulated points: CAPS. quinquelocular, covered with the interior calyx formed in the shape of a berry. Species one only, a beautiful Canadian shrub,

GAULTIER (Louis), abbé, was a native of Italy but of French parentage, and taken