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Philip distributes Money among the Mem-
ers of both Houses, to soften their Hos-
tility..
1554. (January) Embassy from the Emperor;
terms of the Marriage Treaty...

General Dissatisfaction; Insurrection

headed by Wyatt, Carew, and others.. 283

(27th of January) Defection in the Army

of Norfolk, sent against the Revolters;

the Court obliged to treat with them;

Mary's harangue in the Guildhall.. 283, 284

(2d of February) Wyatt defeated in his
Attack on London..

(February) Lady Jane Grey and Lord G.
Dudley executed..

ib.

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ib.

Embassy from the Emperor of Russia,
Ivan Vassilowitch II.......
(10th of August) Battle of St. Quentin,
in which the French are totally defeated
by the Spanish and English Troops...

(January) Calais taken by the French... ib.

(September) Death of Charles V.....

(17th of November) Death of Mary..

(18th of November) Death of Cardinal

Pole...

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Gardiner, dismayed at the popular Outcry,
withdraws from Bloodshed, but Bonner
prosecutes the System.

291

Question of Church Property; Mary re-

The Catholic Bishops refuse to assist in
the Ceremonial of the Coronation..... 309
Appointments to the Peerage, signifying
most evidently the intention of Eliza-
beth to separate from the Church of

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1565.

314

Translation of the Scriptures by Author-
ity; Character of that Translation.... ib.
Marriage of Mary Stuart to the Dauphin,

ib.

ib.

ib.

Death of Francis, husband of the Queen
of Scots; suitors for the Hand of that
Princess...

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1560-1568.

Flight of Bothwell, and Imprisonment of
the Queen of Scots at Lochleven..
Various Opinions in Scotland, on the
Question of disposing of Mary.... ib.

She is compelled to relinquish the regal

Functions; her Son, James VI., crown-

ed at Stirling.

322

Subsequent Career of Bothwell..

ib.

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HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

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INTRODUCTION.

AT the dawn of history, the western latia. How far these wide-spread irruptions countries of Europe were occupied by may, at different times, and in various protribes, differing from each other in those portions, be ascribed to the natural restlesscircumstances of physical constitution, out-ness of such tribes, to the rapacity of their ward form, usages, and especially lan- chiefs, and to the resistless pressure of inguage, which, for the purposes of civil his- vading barbarians from behind, are questory, may be considered as dividing man- tions to which we have no means of giving kind into distinct races. To whatever a satisfactory answer.

causes, acting in the infancy of nations, and The northern boundary of the Gauls, was long before the age of record, these varie- in general the Rhine, which separated them ties may be ascribed, it is certain, that, in from the Germanic or Teutonic race, who in the course of centuries, the ties of de- spread into Scandinavia, towards the last scent and language may be drawn so close, retreats of the Finnish tribes, in the polar that their lasting effects may be easily ob- solitudes, and extended, on the other hand, served, although they are too variable and from the shores of the Atlantic to the imcomplicated to be capable of definition. mense plains of the Sarmatians and DaPeculiarity of character is transmitted in cians.

families and in tribes: and the influence of By the Garonne, the Gauls were divided kindred blood extends, though growing from the Aquitanians, a people who appear fainter as it is diffused, to nations, and to a by the testimony of the ancients, as well race which may comprehend many nations. as by the names of the rivers and mounWhen the Greek and Roman writers be- tains of the Spanish peninsula, to have gan to turn their eyes westward, they found been its original inhabitants.* A small porEurope, from the farthest shores of Ireland tion of that Iberian race, under the name to the banks of the Danube, peopled by a of Ligurians, occupied the coast of Gaul race called Gauls or Celts (or rather Kelts), from the Pyrenees to the frontier of Italy. who, before they were bound to the soil by Greece, more near the earliest seats of tillage, had covered a great part of Spain civilization, was open to colonization and by their armed migrations, and had poured conquest from various sources, both by land predatory bands from their Alps into Italy, and sea. Hence, perhaps, has arisen the diffiwhere they struck a blow at Rome, and culty, not yet conquered, of discriminating stretched their lasting dominions to the Ap- the first inhabitants from the more civilized visitants, as well as of distinguishing the

ennines.

They extended along the Danube, with various bands of these last from each other. uncertain limits, till they were met by the Italy, accessible to colonists by sea, either Sarmatians, Thracians, and Illyrians. Their from Greece or Asia, and always liable to expeditions, more of plunder than of con- the inroads of the natives or masters of the quest, were in general prior to the period Alps, was inhabited by a greater variety of history, and we have but slender means and mixture of races than any other westof probable conjecture respecting their an-ern region. Hence has arisen a confusion tiquity and extent. Some of their latter in the genealogy of its tribes, which modincursions or establishments in Italy and ern acuteness and learning have only begun Greece are better known to us. A numer- to disembroil.† ous body of the natives of Gaul, either of the Celtic, or Teutonic race, or composed of both races, deserted the bands of their countrymen, who ravaged Greece, and establishing themselves in Asia Minor, under the successors of Alexander, gave their name to the country, afterwards called Ga

The colonies of Phoenicians, as far as Carthage and Cadiz, still encircled the

*This point is satisfactorily established by the Bar on W. von Humboldt, in his most learned work on the significancy of most names of natural objects in Spain in the modern Bask language.—Berlin, 1823

† Niebuhr.

Mediterranean. No Grecian colonists had | are, by long separation, and by the natural planted themselves farther to the west than divergency of language, broken into smaller the prosperous establishment of the Pho- subdivisions, not always corresponding with ceans, at Massalia or Massilia, which still the political distribution of territory among flourishes under the little altered name of nations. The same state contains many Marseilles. tribes of very various race. The same race is subject to many distinct rulers.

It will be easily understood that in such times the natural boundaries of nations were We are authorized by the decisive evioften and irregularly changed. The course dence of speech to conclude with certainty of migration was often diverted from its or- that the Celtic race is subdivided into two dinary channels, sometimes turned back to- distinct portions at least, with languages wards its original source. Races were min- which, though evidently derived from a gled, so that the distinction became no common stock, are not reciprocally intellilonger discoverable. Of this confusion the gible to the men of both branches. One Galatians in Asia, and the Keltiberians in branch of the Celtic, called Gaelic, is still Spain, afford notable examples. The Belgic spoken by the Irish nation, by the highpeople of northern Gaul have been thought landers of Scotland, and in the Isle of by some to be a mixed race of borderers. Man; the other is the common speech of It is certain that Teutonic tribes were gen- Wales and Lower Brittany, and was witherally classed among them, either from de- in the memory of man spoken in Cornwall; scent or from neighborhood. Though the the common language seems only to differ natural tendency of an unwritten language in each subdivision by provincial variations. be to break down both into dialects, and af- The Gaulish tribes are unable to converse terwards into distinct tongues, yet it hap- with the Cimbric, yet there is sufficient pens sometimes in peculiar circumstances, evidence that the two languages are that languages originally different run into branches of the same family. Many cireach other. At the opposite extremities of cumstances combine to render it probable the earth, the Hindustanee and Anglo-Nor- that the Cimbric followed the Gaulish man were formed out of jargons used in in- settlers; and it is a specious and perhaps tercourse between the conquerors and the tenable supposition, that the former were conquered. The victors have sometimes the same Cimbri, who, in conjunction with imposed their language on the vanquished their_Teutonic allies, were expelled from with little mixture, as in some provinces of the Roman territory with a slaughter so the western empire. In India, it now seems enormous, and after atrocities so unmatchto be the prevalent opinion that the Brah-ed, as to be suspected of exaggeration, very mins, either by the influence of religion naturally, but not perhaps justly, if it be and learning, or by the power of arms, have borne in mind that the adversaries of the deeply tinctured with Sanscrit all the vari- Romans were not armies, but migratory eties of Indian language which had sprung nations, bringing into the field women and from entirely unlike and independent roots. children, and fierce animals, who all conIt may be convenient to warn the reader tributed to swell the horrors of the butcheagainst confounding the signification of the ry, and who first within the historic age term race in civil history with its import taught the Romans to dread the arms of among naturalists. These last confine their the northern barbarians. view to the animal nature of man, and take Before we finally confine our view to no account of language or of minor and su- the British islands, it is natural to premise perficial varieties in the exterior. They ad- a remark on the contrast between the mit at present only four or five races of character of the two potent races who unmen; 1. Caucasian; 2. the Negro; 3. the equally shared these islands and the adjoinTatar; 4. the American; 5. perhaps the ing continent. The superior importance Malay. Color they justly exclude from of the Teutonic race, in our eyes, may be their test. But though the Negro and the plausibly and in part truly imputed to the Mongol differ much more deeply and fun- greater antiquity and obscurity of the Celdamentally_than the Hindu and the Arab tic contests with civilized nations, to the from the European, yet those who grant occurrence of these contests during the that the latter difference is the work of full vigor of Roman policy and discipline, physical causes, in a long course of ages, to the fortunate position which reserved will find it hard to prove that causes more the Germanic tribes for encounter with the powerful, and acting in a longer time, may decaying powers of the conquerors, and to not have at length produced the wider difference.

These historical divisions of mankind

* Von den verschieden Racen der Menschen, &c. Kant Vermisch. Schrift. ii. 607. 660.

the lustre reflected on them by the suc-
cess of their descendants, not only in con-
quest, but in art and legislation.
Much may be undoubtedly ascribed to
all these causes. There are, however,

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