CHAP. XV.

MARY. 1553-1558.

ligence poured in from all quarters of the! turn of the populace towards Mary; the farmers refused to follow their lords to the standard; in a squadron of six ships of war MARY, accompanied by her sister Elizsent to Yarmouth to intercept Mary's ex-abeth, who for a moment had a common inpected flight to Brussels, the seamen mu- terest with her, and had joined her at the tinied against their officers, and brought head of 2000 horse, made her triumphal over the vessels to Mary. On the 19th, entry into London on the 3d of August. lord Arundel, a concealed Catholic, mani- The day before, she had bestowed the great fested the motives which induced him to seal on Gardiner, who had atoned for his advise Northumberland to take the field in former hostility to her mother's marriage person by deserting the council. The duke by recent services as well as sufferings, of Suffolk had been persuaded to suffer some and was still more recommended to her by lords to leave the Tower; they assembled, the importance of employing his abilities in with other lords favorable to Mary, at her councils. The first act of Mary's reign Baynard's Castle, the house of the earl of was gracious, and must have been grateful Pembroke, where, after long invectives to her. On the afternoon of her entrance against Northumberland, lord Arundel con- into the Tower, she found there several cluded with an exhortation to heal the dis- sufferers for her party, and others who at orders of the kingdom by proclaiming the least suffered from the same enemies. She lady Mary, who had already declared to had the satisfaction of releasing the aged the people of Suffolk that she would disturb duke of Norfolk, and her kinsman Edward nothing established in religion. Pembroke Courtenay, whom she soon after created seconded this proposal with extreme vio- earl of Devonshire. The haughty duchess lence. The lords, attended as usual by of Somerset owed her liberty to the genethe magistrates of the city, rushed into rosity of a princess from whom no gratitude the street and proclaimed Mary: they sur- was due to her. The duke of Suffolk was prised the Tower, which Suffolk, over- committed to the Tower, but enlarged and whelmed by this sudden defection, aban- pardoned in a few days. On the 18th of doned to the prevalent faction. He caused August, 1553, the duke of Northumberland, the ceremonial of royalty to cease, and its the marquis of Northampton, and the earl ensigns to be displaced in the apartment of of Warwick, were tried for high treason his daughter, who, when she was exhorted in the court of the lord steward, that office by him to bear her fall with fortitude, an- being for the time granted to the duke of swered him with modest composure,- Norfolk. Northumberland defended him"This is a more welcome summons than self by alleging the authority of the privythat which forced me against my will to council; a defence in some degree equivaan elevation to which I am not entitled, lent to an appeal to the statute of Henry and for which I am not qualified. In obe- VII., which justifies obedience to one who dience to you, my lord, and to my mother, is an actual, though not a rightful, possessor I did violence to myself: the present is my of supreme power: though it seems doubtown act, and I willingly resign." On the ful whether an authority owned in the capinext day she returned to her retirement in tal for ten days be not too transient and the monastery of Sion. She reigned ten partial to deserve the name of actual posdays, and was called "a twelfth-day queen," session. On the 19th of August Sir John by some paltry buffoon, who could look on Gates, Sir Henry Gates, Sir Andrew Dudthe misfortunes of the good as the subject ley, and Sir Thomas Palmer, were tried of a sorry jest. Before these decisive for the same offence by a jury: all the events in London, Northumberland had culprits were convicted. On the 22d of been obliged to fall back from Newmarket August Northumberland, with Sir John to Cambridge, at which last town the rapid Gates, and Sir Thomas Palmer, were exeprogress of adversity compelled him to pro- cuted. Northumberland owned on the claim Mary. This humiliating measure scaffold that he had never ceased to be a did not save him from being led a prisoner Roman Catholic; a confession not attended for high treason to the Tower of London, with those marks of penitence which might lately his palace.

*This general defection is described by respectable authorities as being "Non tam studio Mariæ quam odio Northumbrii ducis."-Sleidan, lib. XXV.

"Toutes ces choses sont arrivées plus par la grande

naine qu'on porte à celui duc que par l'amitié qu'on a pour la dite reine Marie."

Noailles, 20th July. "La pauvre reine de la fêve."-Noailles, 20th July.

render it respectable; it served only to strip his conduct of any palliation which the mixture of a motive, in its general nature commendable, might have in some degree afforded.

All the deprived Catholic bishops, Gardiner, Bonner, Tunstall, Day, and Heath, were restored; the deprivation being pronounced to be uncanonical. The Protest

ant bishops, in the eyes of their Roman the people had been separated from the Catholic judges, had incurred deprivation community of Rome, and the not inconsidby marriage, or more extreme penalties by erable time which they had passed under a preaching heresy. The gentle and kind Protestant church. One of Mary's earliest but timid and pliant Cranmer was commit- measures was a proclamation on the 18th ted to the Tower on the 2d of September, of August, declaring that "she could not and on the 13th he was followed by Lati- hide her religion, but that she mindeth not mer, a man in all respects but religion di- to compel any of her said subjects thereunrectly opposite to the primate;-brave, sin- to until such time as farther order by comcere, honest, inflexible, not distinguished as mon consent shall be taken therein;"; a a writer or a scholar, but exercising his declaration which probably conveys the power over men's minds by a fervid elo- true sense of the emperor's advice, and jusquence flowing from the deep conviction, tifies the expectations expressed by the upwhich animated his plain, pithy, and free- right Latimer, however it might lull the spoken sermons. As he passed through alarms of the credulous multitude. The Smithfield on his road to the Tower, he parliament assembled on the 5th of October, said, "Smithfield has long groaned for 1553; and, in a session of nineteen days, me. ." The liberty of speech, for which he passed only three acts: one for the abolition resigned his bishopric under Henry VIII., was now treated by the council as "insolence," and alleged in their books to be the ground of his committal.

of all the treasons and felonies of Henry VIII.; one for the restoration in blood of Gertrude marchioness of Exeter; and another for the like restitution of that lady's Charles V., who continued his instruc- son, Edward Courtenay, now created earl tions to Mary through Renard, when he of Devonshire. It seemed becoming to had heard of the revolution in her favor, separate these acts of personal and public advised her to marry; and added, that if grace from all other matter: the royal asshe consulted him on the choice, he should sent was immediately given to them; a freely give his advice. It was by the coun- proceeding which, according to the pracsel of his ministers in London that the fu- tice of that age, terminated the session of neral of Edward was performed by Cran- sixteen days. The second session of the mer according to the English ritual. He same parliament was assembled on the 24th recommended, in the commonplaces of of October, after a prorogation of three state-paper phraseology, a judicious selec- days, and it continued until a dissolution of tion of examples both of justice and mer- parliament on the 6th day of December, cy: the merciful part of his advice was after passing several momentous and memnot, however, that on which he most relied; orable laws. The object of the first || was for Renard strongly urged the execution of to declare the validity of Henry's first marJane, and, after a month's consideration, riage, to pronounce his divorce to be void, Charles earnestly repeated his advice "to and to repeal those statutes made in affirmpunish without mercy all those who had ance of it which had declared Mary to be attempted to rob her of the crown." If her illegitimate. All titles under the will of scruples in the case of the involuntary Henry were thus forfeited; and, not concriminal of seventeen should prevail, he at tent with the necessary implication, by least counselled the most rigorous impris- which the whole statute set aside Elizaonment. The king of France earnestly beth, the parliament excluded her as much advised the queen to wait for the result of as if she had been named, by expressly conthe parliament before she contracted irrev- fining the abrogation of illegitimacy to ocable engagements, "knowing the humors Mary. The road to Rome was by this act of her people, easily excited, and hard to thrown open; and it required little discernbe reconciled to a foreign master."‡ ment to foresee that a reconciliation with The advice of the emperor on ecclesias- the ancient church was fast approaching. tical policy was prudent: but the minister The progress of the revolution, however, Gardiner, and Paget, the old servants of was in some degree cautious; for, though Henry VIII., who well remembered the the acts of Edward VI. respecting the saease and safety which the ready concur- craments, the election of bishops, the marrence of slavish parliaments had given to riages of priests, the mass and images, the that monarch's innovations, must have felt ordering of ministers, the uniformity of pubthe necessity of the same apparently na- lic worship, the keeping of fasts and holitional sanction after the long period since

days, and the legitimation of the children of priests, were repealed, yet it was at the same time provided, "that the divine service used in England in the last year of Henry Vill.,

and no other, shall be used." The outward to exercise her vigorous faculties and to innovations were, therefore, thus far found- strengthen her commanding genius; thus ed on the apparent principle of restoring fitting her for that stormy and glorious the worship and discipline established by reign which, if it had some stain of Tudor Henry. The clauses respecting the mar- vices, yet, besides the prudence of her riage and divorce, though Gardiner had grandfather and the energy of her father, framed them with such dexterity as to displayed many great and some good qualielude the mention of the still alarming ties, of which the rudest outline cannot be name of pope, could only be justified by traced in the character of these bad princes. papal authority; they led by necessary con- Her position was at this moment difficult. sequence to a recognition of the jurisdic- The Protestants already began to turn their tion of the supreme pontiff, and with it the eyes with trembling hope to the daughter whole of the doctrine and discipline of the of Anne Boleyn. From her alone, after Roman Catholic church. the defeat of Northumberland, the Catho

The pause which preceded the perfect lics had to dread an adverse administration. reunion with the church of Rome, was oc- In such a state of things, both parties were cupied by events of considerable importance, prone to spread and to believe every rumor, both in themselves and as they contributed ascribing to her projects of aggrandizement towards that sole object of the queen's poli- which, in her case, seemed to offer the cy. Zealous Catholics outran the course sole chance of safety. The main object of of the government, and the parochial cler- the Catholic party was to secure their gy restored the altars and resumed their church by obtaining a suitable marriage for Latin prayers before they were authorized Mary. Some spoke of cardinal Pole; but to make these changes; but, to the great his age of fifty-three was an insurmountsatisfaction of the queen,* Romanists more able objection. The youth and beauty of discerning, who saw the predilection of the her cousin, Edward Courtenay, earl of Devpeople for the cause of the innovators, onshire, perhaps pleased for a moment the blamed their party for setting the example stern and gloomy queen. He does not of these tumultuary reformations, from seem to have betrayed any partiality for which the ancient religion had more to fear Elizabeth till Mary openly declared against than to hope. him; though Burnet tells us that the queen

for

On the last day of September, Mary was" was thought to have some inclination to crowned at Westminster with the accus- marry him, had not shown an inclination tomed solemnity and splendor, of which the for Elizabeth, who had much the better description sometimes renders our pictu- share of the beauty that was between resque chroniclers prolix. In the carriage them.” She objected to some of his irreguwhich immediately followed her were seat-larities, but as there was little Scope ed her sister Elizabeth and the princess them in his long imprisonment, it is very Anne of Cleves; two ladies singularly un- improbable that she should have considered like in their lot and unequal in their fame. them as without excuse. It may be believThe latter princess, either above or below ed that he might have contracted in the ambition, escaped from the doom of heresy, Tower connexions, propensities, and manand enjoyed, for the remainder of her days, ners unsuitable to his station. True Engthe gratification of an ample income, and lishmen of both religions must have prethe safety of a private condition. The im- ferred a native to a foreign husband, espeperial ambassadors reported to Charlest cially if the latter was formidable by his that they overheard Elizabeth, who carried strength and tyrannical in his temper and the crown, whisper to M. de Noailles that policy; but there was little time for debate. it was very heavy, and she was tired of car- On the 24th of July, as soon as Charles rying it; to which he replied, that it would had learnt the revolution in his cousin's be lighter on her head;—an anecdote doubt-favor, he advised her to marry, and said he ful on several accounts, but especially be- was ready to give his advice on the choice cause Noailles does not mention it in his if she desired it. On the 29th of July she correspondence with his court. Elizabeth, referred herself entirely to his judgment. who had just completed her twentieth year, Her ministers proposed his nephew, the was about to close the studious quiet of her early life, that she might enter on those sharp trials of adverse fortune which were

archduke, as one who would be acceptable in England, from the small power and remote dominions of which he was the heir. He dissuaded her from that selection. She yielded, but, shortly after, complained of Griffet, 60. Noailles' account of the coronation the delay of Charles's decision. On the (Emb. ii. 196.) is confined to the ceremonial, of which 20th of September he answered, that "seeseventy ladies, married and unmarried, riding on horses covered with crimson velvet, formed a remarking Courtenay was not agreeable to her, land that Pole would not quit his ecclesias

* Sand. de Schism. Angl., in Collier, ii. 346.

able part.

tical character, he thought with her that a capable of fixing his mind mainly and conpowerful prince would suit her better than stantly on the interests of religion, howa private subject of Great Britain; that if ever he might coldly assent to her dochis own age and health had not unfitted trines. him for marriage, he should have the great- A secret communication between Mary est satisfaction in wedding her; but that, and the papal court began very early. as he could not propose himself, he had no- Commendone, a Roman courtier, was sent thing more dear to offer to his beloved kins- into England by the legate at Brussels. He woman than his son Don Philip." The em- landed secretly, and, having hired serperor begged that the queen should not vants at Newport unacquainted with his communicate this proposition to any of her true name, arrived safely in London. There, English ministers. However singular it however, he was perplexed how to proceed, may be, there appears to be a species of till by accident he met Lee, one of the coyness in Mary's advances, and of pedantic queen's servants, who had fled beyond sea chivalry in Charles's replies, which throw in the former reign, where he was known over their correspondence a ludicrous sem- to Commendone. Lee introduced him to a blance of superannuated gallantry. The secret audience of the queen, who owned emperor's declaration, that he agreed with her design of restoring religion, but added, Mary in thinking a powerful prince a more that prudence and secrecy were necessary suitable husband for her than a private sub- to prevent her intention from being object, sufficiently indicated a previous inti- structed. She intrusted him with letters mation from her of her inclination towards of this tenor for the pope and Pole; and a Spanish match; which she must have in- after having, on the 22d of August, seen telligibly conveyed to Charles in the first the execution of Northumberland, an earnmonth of her reign. est of the firmness of her purpose, he reGardiner's former life, and his present paired with these acceptable tidings to the station, were peculiar motives for his not court of Rome.*

wishing success to the Spanish match, even The pope, without delay, nominated if he must be supposed to be void of the Pole to be legate to Mary. The pious cargenerous prejudices which excite the lov-dinal eagerly hastened to perform this aposers of their country against a foreign ruler. tolic duty to his royal kinswoman, to his Philip was already known to be no supine, deluded country, and to the memory of his no indulgent master. It was well remem- martyred parents. But Charles required bered by the most constant Catholics that the mission to be delayed: he urged the the bishop of Winchester had been the most necessity of adopting every measure of preactive agent in obtaining the divorce be- caution before the papal authority should tween Henry and Catharine, which he now appear in the person of a legate. He dispersuaded the parliament to condemn in trusted the English spirit of Pole, who the severest terms of reprobation. It is might, on his return to his country, catch likely that Gardiner did not very ardently the disinclination of his countrymen to a desire a more rapid and complete reconcili- foreign master. He could not, after his ation with Rome than was absolutely ex- correspondence with the queen, have been acted by the scruples of Mary's conscience; actuated by jealousy of Mary's inclination but rather wished to moderate a victory in to espouse her kinsman, though that cirwhich he might apprehend that he would cumstance has been alleged as one of the be entirely eclipsed by the royal descent, motives of his conduct. It is very probathe refined literature, and the stainless life, ble that Charles urged and believed the neof Pole. cessity of a powerful marriage, with the The Spanish match was so decisive an assurance of foreign aid, as a measure preadvance towards Rome, that the same liminary to the re-establishment of religion; cautious policy was thought necessary in though the sharpest of the stimulants which conducting it which is discoverable in the excited him might have been the prospect rest of the measures of Gardiner's admin- of an immense and immediate accession to istration. Charles V. apprehended the in- his mighty empire. The emperor feared discretion of Pole, whose generous nature the opposition of Pole to the Spanish match, as well as sincere religion made him so im- not only as an Englishman, but as jealous patient of artifice as to be averse even of Spanish greatness, and unwilling that from that management and address which

*Commendone returned to Brussels before the

he considered as arts of worldly policy pe- 28th of August, and travelled day and night to Rome, culiarly unsuited to the re-establishment making a small deviation to visit Pole at the Lago of the orthodox faith. Pole distrusted such de Garda. Pallavic. Istor. del Conc. de Tirnto, 1. a veteran politician as the emperor, whom xiii. c. 7. Pallavincino, who writes from dispatches, is very

he justly considered as too habitually em- valuable in dates. ployed in projects of aggrandizement to be† Pallavic. Istor. del Conc. di Tirnto, 1. xiii. c. 7. 24* 2 L

his influence over Mary should be shared first instance of any rumor of the corrupwith a husband of commanding character. tion of parliament."|| Philip, nine years These were two palpable objects of irre- younger than the unattractive queen, did concilable difference between Pole and the not sacrifice taste to aggrandizement withEnglish ministers who were supported by out hesitation. After the prorogation of the emperor. They urged the necessity parliament, which one writer ascribes to of proceeding by very cautious steps to the their refusal to bastardize Elizabeth by total restoration of popery. Pole was in- name, a magnificent embassy came from dignant at the continuance of any remains the emperor, publicly to solicit her majesty's of the schism. They considered a papal hand for Don Philip, the heir of the Spanconfirmation of all sales and grants of ish, Italian, and Burgundian dominions of church lands as essential to the consolida- the house of Austria. The count of Egtion of their political system. Pole protest-mont, who was at the head of this embassy, ed against this demand, and prayed the at his landing found so great a national dispope rather to recall him than to require like to the union, that he and his colleagues his participation in sacrilegious rapine. had some difficulty in escaping decisive Mary took the politic side on both these marks of popular disapprobation.** They points, because it was that of the court of were presented to the queen on the 2d of Brussels, and wrote to her kinsman to as- January, 1554. She referred them to her sure him that the life of a papal legate ministers, who were easily persuaded to would not at that time be safe in England. advise her in the manner which they well It is to be considered that Gardiner had now knew to be most agreeable to her wishes. yielded to the marriage, the final arrange- Gardiner represented it in the fairest colors ment of which could not then have been of his eloquence to a willing privy-council, known to Pole.* and announced it afterwards to the mayor

As soon as the intended marriage was and magistrates of the capital, with a skilnoised abroad, the house of commons took ful parade of its advantages. As he conthe alarm. They presented an humble ad- tinued in office during his life, which lasted dress to the queen, beseeching that she eighteen months after the marriage of would be pleased to provide for the con- Philip, it is not probable that the chancellor tinuance of quiet by a matrimonial union; ever carried his opposition on so delicate a but earnestly imploring her to prefer a subject to an inconvenient extent. native Englishman to a foreigner. She Though the treaty was not ratified in resented this address. Her answer was March, the conditions were substantially haughty, probably dictated by the imperial fixed in January. The most important were, ministers. She was moved by it to a step that the appointment to all offices in the not a little remarkable in a princess other- English dominions should be left to her wise decorous in her manners and delicate majesty, and confined to natural-born subin her sentiments. On the evening of the jects; that the laws and privileges of Engaddress, which was the 30th of October, land should be preserved; and that the she sent for the imperial minister, whom English nation should continue to employ she conducted to her private oratory, and in their affairs the languages to which they there kneeling before the altar, after re- had been anciently accustomed. Don Carciting the hymn "Veni, Creator," she called los, Philip's eldest son, was declared heir God to witness that she solemnly plighted of Spain, the two Sicilies, and Lombardy; her troth to Philip prince of Castile. She these territories, in failure of him and his was driven to this act of forwardness by progeny, were to devolve on the issue of the popular discontent which the address the present marriage, who were to be the of the commons had embodied. By the immediate heirs of the provinces of Lower advice of Gardiner, who had now conquered Germany.tt

whatever repugnance he might have for- But these specious conditions were far merly felt against the marriage, Charles V. from appeasing the national discontent. The borrowed 1,200,000 crowns, which then object of Charles V., it was said, is attained. amounted to 400,000 pounds in English He has obtained a footing for his son in money, from the imperial cities, to be em- England. That prince might smile at terms ployed in softening the hostility of the which he could and would cancel or break lords and commons on this occasion; "the at the head of a foreign army. All true

Protestants must see with horror that they were to be subjected to a Spanish inquisi

Burnet.

¶ Carte; but without citing any authority.
** Burnet.

tt Dumont, Corps Diplom. iv. part iii. p. 106. Ky mer, xvi. 377