serious cares of the new government. Parker, who had been elected on the Cecil and Bacon, the principal ministers, 1st of August, was finally consecrated on turned their immediate attention to the the 17th of December. Four new bishops vacant primacy, at that crisis the most im- were consecrated three days after the priportant station in the kingdom. Their mate; whose preferment, as they had been choice was, even before the coronation, exiles for religion in the time of Mary, was fixed on Matthew Parker, a man of worth a strong and irrevocable pledge of the and learning, who, though a married cler-queen's early determination to stand or fall gyman, was endeared to Elizabeth by hav- with the reformed faith. This politic, as ing been the chaplain of her mother, who well as generous, elevation of faithful with her dying breath commended to his adherents and patient sufferers did not prepious care the religious nurture of her in- vent the wise ministers from a general fant daughter. He was for some time con- choice which none of their antagonists fined to the country by a quartan ague, a ventured to impugn. For some time many distemper then often fatal. A great part of the Roman Catholics, unskilled in theoof the next year was employed in con- logical disputes, continued to frequent their quering the repugnance of this humble and parish churches, regardless of the differdisinterested man to the highest dignity in ences which were to steep Europe in the reformed churches. blood.

When Cecil and Bacon had finally suc- This uninquiring conformity appears not ceeded in overcoming his scruples, the con- immediately to have yielded to the consecration was delayed for some time, in demnation of it pronounced by the diorder to take such precautions as might vines at Trent. The Anglican reformation best secure its validity from being im- was completed by the publication of the pugned.* The church of England then articles of religion, exhibiting the creed of adopted, and has not yet renounced, the in- that establishment, which, upon the whole, consistent and absurd opinion, that the deserves commendation, in the only points church of Rome, though idolatrous, is the where the authors could exercise any disonly channel through which all lawful cretion; for treating the ancient church power of ordaining priests, of consecrating with considerable approaches to decency, bishops, or validly performing any religious and for preferring quiet, piety, and benevorite, flowed from Christ, through a succes-lence to precision and consistency: not sion of prelates, down to the latest age of pressing those doctrines to their utmost the world. The ministers, therefore, first logical consequences, which, by such a endeavored to obtain the concurrence of mode of inference, lead only to hatred, to the Catholic bishops in the consecration; blood, and often to a corruption of moral which those prelates, who must have con- principle.

sidered such an act as a profanation, con- A translation of the Scripture was pubscientiously refused. They were at length lished by authority, which, after passing obliged to issue a new commission for con- through several emendations, became, in secrating Parker, directed to Kitchen of the succeeding reign, the basis of our preLlandaff, to Ball, an Irish bishop, to Bar-sent version. This was the work of translow, Scory, and Coverdale, deprived in the lators not deeply versed in the opinions, reign of Mary, and to two suffragans.+ languages, manners, and institutions of the Whoever considers it important at present ancient world, who were born before the to examine this list, will perceive the per- existence of eastern learning in Europe, plexities in which the English church was and whose education was completed before involved by a zeal to preserve unbroken the mines of criticism had been opened, the chain of episcopal succession. On ac- either as applied to the events of history, count of this frivolous advantage, that or to the reading, interpretation, and genuchurch was led to prefer the common ineness of ancient writings. On these enemy of all reformation to those Protest-accounts, as well as on account of the ant communions which had boldly snapped complete superannuation of some parts of asunder that brittle chain: a striking ex- its vocabulary, it undoubtedly requires ample of the evil that sometimes arises revision and emendation. Such a task, from the inconsistent respect paid by re- however, should only be intrusted to hands formers to ancient establishments. skilful and tender in the case of a translation, which, to say nothing of the con

It is needless to discuss the ridiculous story of nexion of its phraseology with the religious a consecration of the new prelates at the Nag's sensibilities of a people, forms the richest Head tavern; which has been judiciously aban-storehouse of the native beauties of our doned by Dr. Lingard, the most eminent of our Roman Catholic historians. ancient tongue; and by frequent yet reve

A suffragan is one who executes the office of a bishop, but who hath not the title.-Ed. Phillips's World of Words. 4th ed. 1678.

VOL. I.

27

rential perusal has more than any other house of Lorraine established in France, cause contributed to the permanency of our a race remarkable for capacity, valor, language, and thereby to the unity of our and daring ambition,-became the masters literature. In waving the higher considera- of that monarchy at the death of Henry II., tions of various kinds which render cau- who was mortally wounded in a tournation, in such a case, indispensable, it is hard ment in July, 1559, shortly after having to overvalue the literary importance of issued an edict inflicting the punishment daily infusions from the "well of English of death on all Protestants, and enjoining undefiled" into our familiar converse. Nor judges not to commute the penalty. In should it be forgotten, if ever the revision the minority of Francis II., their sway was be undertaken, that we derive an advan- established, through the ascendant of their tage, not to be hazarded for tasteless novel-niece, Mary Stuart, over the imbecile boy ties, from a perfect model of a translation to whom that beautiful and accomplished of works of the most remote antiquity, into princess, distinguished even then for vigor that somewhat antique English, venerable and ability, was so unhappily, and, in spite without being obscure, which alone can of the outward splendor of the union, so faithfully represent their spirit and genius. unsuitably tied. These princes, who counWhile Elizabeth continued to consoli- tenanced the legends which deduced their date her throne on the basis of the Pro- descent from Charlemagne, certainly retestant religion, which her enemies as well garded the sovereignty of the British as her friends taught her to contemplate islands as being within Mary's lawful preas the only secure foundation of her title tensions, of which the enforcement was and government, the opposition of innova- not beyond the grasp of their own almost tion to establishment, sometimes traversed boundless aspirations.

by personal interests and temporary inci- It has been already seen that Philip II., dents, sometimes blended with the more a bigot of equal sincerity, sternness, and shifting objects of policy, was hastening to sagacity, preserved Elizabeth from the become the mainspring of the wars and merciless purposes of her sister, in order revolutions of Europe. Some of the steps to be a restraint on the vaulting ambition towards a general war of opinion have of the house of Lorraine. When he saw been traced in the conclusion of the pre- the pretensions to the English throne, ceding volume. Some of the political which the French princes now made for causes which gave an ascendant for a short their niece, he suspended every purpose of time to a transient and narrow policy have religious hatred, and of his permanent also been there observed. The most con- policy, in order to provide against an siderable of them was the marriage of aggrandizement which menaced his own Mary Stuart to the dauphin. At the death dominions. The count de Feria, the of Mary Tudor, the queen dauphiness Spanish ambassador in London, received assumed the arms and regal title of Eng- his master's orders to make propositions of land, to which she was indeed the heir in marriage to Elizabeth as soon as she sucthe eyes of all who deemed Elizabeth ille- ceeded to the throne. Though this fact be gitimate, and considered the parliament as attested by all writers, the particulars are not having the power to invade the sacred mentioned by none, and do not seem to be order of succession. Mary and her husband preserved in our public repositories. Philip even executed a grant of land to lord is said to have pressed his suit with some Fleming, by their style as king and queen importunity, and to have assured the queen of England as well as of Scotland.* that he could obtain a papal dispensation These acts could not be regarded as the for the marriage, which would at least mere assumption of barren titles, since silence her Catholic subjects. She, wary they never were practised during the from her early youth, answered the adreign of Mary, or even of Edward. The vances of so potent a monarch with all due claims of a Roman Catholic pretender, courtesy. She intimated the difficulty, wedded to the heir apparent of such a which she doubtless strongly felt, of tacitly monarchy as France,-while Scotland was owning her illegitimacy, by accepting a divided between the contending commu-papal dispensation to become the wife of nions, while Ireland was altogether Catholic, her brother-in-law. Her repugnance to the and while Catholics predominated in the marriage, as she afterwards declared to northern provinces of England,-were in Castelnau, was so strong, as to prevail over the highest degree formidable to the Pro- her gratitude to Philip, who had saved her testant succession in England, and seemed from her sister's rage, at a moment when to threaten an instant overthrow of Eliza- Elizabeth's destruction seemed so certain, beth's tottering throne. The princes of the that she had determined on asking no other

*As early as January, 1559.-Cecil's Diary, Murdin, 747.

† Henault.

Created a duke in 1567. Moreri.

favor than that her head should be struck lineage, if she would renounce her pretenoff by a sword, as her mother's was, in- sions, and refer herself wholly to his genstead of an ax.* She, says Camden, with erosity, he should be disposed to do for her a mind most averse from such nuptials, whatever could be done consistently with thought nothing so likely to deliver her the honor of the apostolic see." To this from the eager pursuit of her importunate arrogant answer many historians have lover, as the immediate adoption of decisive ascribed the separation of England. But measures for the establishment of the re- cardinal Pallavicino, though he blames the formed church.t obstinate folly of the pontiff, which thus The various motives which withheld her rejected every chance of reconciling Engfrom the proffered marriage were too obvi- land, adds, with his accustomed sagacity, ous to have escaped a prince so discerning that the mildness of Elizabeth's language as Philip. Perhaps we may be allowed to was only an opiate used to lull the pontiff conjecture, with some probability, that his to sleep, till her power should be secured; expectations of retaining England by wed- but that she would quickly throw off the lock were slight, but that he relied on the mask, and act with the zeal of an obstinate friendly dispositions with which the young heretic, who was herself declared to be a queen would be inspired by his affectation bastard, and whose mother was pronounced of gallantry towards her. At all events, to be a prostitute by the doctrines and the suit was soon relinquished; for the authorities of the Catholic church. The count de Feria declined to appear at the advances of Elizabeth did not deceive the coronation; and the unhappy espousal of Roman court. Elizabeth commanded her Elizabeth of France to Philip was one of minister to return; the pope prohibited the stipulations of the treaty of Château- him from leaving Rome under pain of exCambresis. communication, and offered him a provi The relations of Elizabeth, at her acces- sion as master of the English hospital. sion, with the court of Rome, formed an | Carne, in his dispatches to London, proobject which required to be handled with tested against his detention, and solemnly no small delicacy. Sir Edward Carne, of declared that he would rather beg his South Wales, an eminent canonist, had bread homeward than seem to disobey his represented the English government at sovereign's command. It was, nevertheRome during all the periods of friendly less, suspected that the veteran diplomintercourse, from the negotiations about atist, actuated by deep-rooted attachment the divorce of Henry VIII. to the death of to the ancient faith, had voluntarily proMary. Elizabeth instructed him to an- cured the exile of which he affected to nounce her accession to the sovereign pon- | complain. He died at Rome in 1561, no tiff, and to assure him of her determination otherwise worthy of historical notice, than to offer no violence to the conscience of as the last of a long succession of minisany class of her subjects; thus at onee con- | ters who had for 800 years maintained the veying her desire of amity, her tolerant ecclesiastical and pontifical intercourse bepolicy, and her unshaken Protestantism. tween England and the see of Rome: for Caraffa, a noble Venetian, who then filled the brief and abortive effort to revive it in the papal throne by the name of Paul IV., the following century cannot be regarded made answer with a haughtiness un- as a substantial exception. quenched on his death-bed, and with the When Caraffa found Elizabeth inacmarble inflexibility of fourscore, "that cessible to his menaces, he issued a bull, England was a fief of the apostolic see; in which he did not name her, but confirmthat she could not succeed, being illegiti-ed the excommunication and the other punmate; that the reigning pontiff could not ishments provided against all heretics, reverse the decrees of his predecessor whether they be subjects or sovereigns; against the marriage; but that, notwith- deprived heretical sovereigns of their dostanding her boldness in presuming to minions, inflicting upon them an incapacity wear the crown without his previous to be restored by any authority; and exassent, being yet desirous to show a fath- cluded them all, comprehending in the erly affection towards an illustrious nation, exclusion persons of regal and imperial and to a lady of high though not unstained dignity, from every solace of human inter

* Mém. de Castelnau, liv. ii. ch. 3.

Illa, animo ab hujusmodi nuptiis aversissimo, nihil ad importunum procum amoliendum efficacius censuit quàm ut religio quam primum mutaretur."-Camd. Ann. Eliz. ed. Hearne. The version in Kennet, which omits all the strong expressions of Camden, is a remarkable instance of the effect of a languid translation in hiding the feelings of the principal persons, which are here the most important facts in the narrative.

Fra Paolo, lib. v.

§ Pallavicino, lib. xiv. c. 8. The orthography seems to have been either with a termination in i or in o indifferently.

"Nec fefellerint hæc pontificem Romanum.”— Camd. Ann.

"Creditur tamen solertem senem hoc exilium ex inflammato Romanæ religionis studio sponte ele gisse."-Camd. Ann.

course and society.* Caraffa died a few fearful of manifesting their affection; that, months afterwards, loaded with the curses besides the highest motive of religion, it of the Romans: his statue was thrown was inconsistent with common prudence into the Tiber, and his remains were with to run the least hazard of a new religious difficulty saved from the fury of the raging revolution, at the very moment that the populace. Had the accession of Elizabeth country was beginning to recover from the been somewhat later, the reception of her last; that the legate then in Ireland was advances by Paul's successor, Pius IV., a active in stirring up revolt; that Parpaglia prince of the house of Medici, would have was in the former year charged with the been more courteous, and might perhaps task of exciting a rebellion in England; have preserved to the Roman court the and that a general council, though if really possibility of advantage, which depended independent it would be most acceptable on the continuance of an amicable corre- in England, must, in the present circumspondence with England. For in May, stances, be regarded as a papal lure. Had 1560, the pope dispatched Parpaglia, abbot the Roman government been disposed, at of St. Savior, to the queen, with letters the accession, to grant all that they are full of respect and affection, imploring her supposed to have authorized Parpaglia to to return to the communion of the church, offer, Elizabeth might perhaps have purand assuring her of his readiness to con- chased a truce with a formidable antagotribute to the happiness of her soul and nist, by concessions to the English Cathothe establishment of her royal dignity. lics far beyond the usages of that period.§ He is even said to have verbally instructed But the time for such negotiations was Parpaglia to promise that, if she would now past: the council advised that Marreturn to the bosom of the Catholic church, tinengo should not be allowed to enter the and submit to the parental authority of the kingdom. The queen's policy consisted apostolic see, his holiness would declare the in showing that steady countenance to her validity of her mother's marriage, permit opponents which alone could secure the the use of the English liturgy, and allow fidelity of adherents. The history of the the sacrament in both kinds to the laity.† dealing of the Roman see with the Lutheran Parpaglia was not, however, allowed to reformation is crowded with such lessons enter England. Pius IV., not altogether to all who bear sway over nations in seadespairing, renewed his efforts in the suc-sons of trouble and peril. The grant of ceeding year. Martinengo, an Italian abbot, the cup to the laity, the use of the vulgar in April, 1561, announced from Brussels to tongue in worship and instruction, even the the English ministers, that he was desirous celibacy of the clergy, were generally of proceeding to London on the part of the owned to concern matters of discipline most holy father, to represent to the queen only, where concessions might be made the earnest wishes of his holiness to recon- without derogation from the unerring judgcile her and her subjects to the rest of ment of the Catholic church. But the Christendom; and to entreat her, for that pretension to infallibility had not only perend, to send her prelates to the general verted the understanding, but corrupted council about to be holden in the city of and inflamed the temper of the papal counTrent. A privy council was assembled at sellors. Its influence extended beyond its Greenwich, on the 1st of May, 1561, to argumentative consequences: it begat a consider this momentous proposition. It haughty spirit, a stubborn pride, an undiswas there determined that it was impos- tinguishing defiance of all attempts to consible "to allow the pope's jurisdiction ciliate, in cases where they might have within this realm to any purpose," without yielded without inconsistency. The effect shaking the queen's title to the throne, of this was, that the British islands were which was evidently irreconcilable with completely separated from the Roman comthe decrees of the Roman pontiff; that the munion, and France nearly so; to say appearance of a nuncio in London would nothing of the degree in which the ancient countenance the false reports of the queen's faith throughout Christendom was underintention to change her religion, and mined.|| thereby encourage the audacity of the disaffected, as well as render faithful subjects

Hardwicke Papers, i. 180.

This could only be, if all the terms which Parpaglia was supposed to have the power of granting, except the recognition of Anne Boleyn's marriage, be understood as confined to the English Catholics only.

*This bull, hitherto only vaguely alluded to by historians, is in the Bullarium Romanum, i. 840, editio Lucem. 1727. 15th March, 1559. It was confirmed by Pius V., in a bull which subjects all dig- All attempts have proved unsuccessful to reconities, including the royal, to the tribunals of in-ver either the count de Feria's propositions of marquisition. Bullar. Roman. ii. 214. This last bull riage, or Carne's dispatches, containing the account expressly names the bull of Paul IV. (Caraffa.) It of Caraffa's answer to Elizabeth. But the numerbears date on the 12th January, 1567.-See after-ous allusions to the former in the letters of the ward the bull of February, 1569

† Camden, i. 73.

chief actors in these scenes leave no doubt of the fact. The truth of the latter may be considered as

The final breach between Elizabeth and had done before to Elizabeth. But the Rome probably contributed to the sudden Austrian marriage, on the contrary, was so cessation of Philip's efforts to obtain her acceptable, that lord Sussex, the ambassador hand. Her marriage continued to be a sub- at Vienna in 1567, was not only very deject of the deepest interest, not only to her sirous of the alliance, but considered it as own people, but to all zealous and reflect- practicable. In his dispatch to Elizabeth, ing Catholics and Protestants throughout he skilfully tries to soften the heart of his Europe. Philip, after his own failure, mistress, by displaying the qualities of labored to obtain the hand of Elizabeth for Charles's mind, and still more fully the his cousin the archduke Charles. Her beauties of his countenance and form. He encouragement of this union was ascribed told the archduke that the queen was free by continental politicians to her hope that to marry, though she had never given a an alliance between England and Austrian" grateful ear" to any motion of marriage Germany might in some degree curb the but to this. The archduke answered, that ambition and counterpoise the power of but for this assurance, he had heard so the two great crowns of France and much of the queen's not meaning to marry Spain. The Protestants were suspicious as might give him cause to suspect the of its tendency to introduce a popish influ- proposal. Sussex, fearing religion to be ence into England, while the court of the obstacle, ventured to insinuate that, his Rome dreaded that the heretical queen imperial majesty being believed secretly might lessen the union of Catholic sove- to favor the Lutherans, the archduke, by reigns. The negotiation was renewed, communicating the secret now to him, partly perhaps to parry the importunity of might bring the negotiation within a short parliament for the queen's marriage, from compass. The archduke, without contra1563 to 1565; and, on the latter occasion, dicting the prevalent opinion of his father's it was promoted by Leicester, with a zeal religious inclination, asked Sussex whether which indicates the extinction of the ambi- he could advise an Austrian prince sudtious hopes ascribed to him.‡ Elizabeth denly to change a religion which his anrefused to allow the public exercise of any cestors had so long holden. Sussex told religion but the Protestant in her domin- Elizabeth, that as reputation ruled Charles ions; a matter which, from the long con- under the guise of the Catholic religion, tinuance of the negotiation, appears to have there was no doubt that, notwithstanding been deemed not incapable of compromise. the obstacle of his profession, he would The apprehension of the success of the prove "a true husband, a loving comnegotiation procured for Elizabeth a suitor panion, a wise counsellor, and a faithful of fourteen years of age in the person of servant.”|| the duke of Anjou, who afterwards ruled Eric, king of Sweden, the son of GusFrance under the name of Henry III.; a tavus Vasa, sought the hand of both the prince whose brutal amours and acqui- British queens: his suit in England conescence in cruelty do not appear to have tinued for two years. John, duke of Finbeen relieved by a solitary virtue. Castel- land, his brother, was welcomed at court nau visited Britain in 1566, to tender for in 1559; and in 1561 preparations were the queen's choice either him or his brother made for his own honorable reception; but Charles IX.; two marriages so seductive, both the princesses had the fortune to but so execrable, that it would be hard to find a parallel for them in history.§

escape a sanguinary tyrant, the degenerate offspring of the deliverer and reformer of In the matrimonial negotiations with the his country. The national jealousy which royal family of France, there are clearer has generally subsisted between Sweden traces of intention on either side to amuse and Denmark excited Adolphus duke of and deceive for temporary purposes, than can be discovered in other treaties of the like nature. Castelnau, for example, offered the duke of Anjou to Mary Stuart, as he

Holstein to proffer his hand to Elizabeth, who received him becomingly, but declined the connexion; accounting him to be sufficiently honored by the order of the garter, and likely to be sufficiently consoled by an ample pension. T

The root of that indisposition to marriage which is apparent through Elizabeth's life, is probably best understood from her significant declaration to the earl of Leices ter, during the period of his highest favor,

"I will have here but one mistress, and

Sussex to the queen, Vienna, 18th and 26th Oct. 1567. Lodge, i. 364. 368.

T Camd. Ann. i. 69.