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The duke of Parma having relieved Zut-ers. The ostentation with which he fasted, phen, so as to place it beyond the reach of prayed, and received the sacrament, with capture by Leicester, went with his army his zeal against popery, made the clergy his into winter-quarters. Leicester raised the strenuous partisans. He intimated that siege, and returned to the Hague. Here Elizabeth was about to accept the soverhe was assailed with the complaints of the eignty of the states; and this enlisted on states-general. They presented to him a his side a host of profligate adventurers, who list of grievances and malversations in every looked only to their personal fortunes. Two branch of the service, civil and military. persons whom he had left in the governHe promised redress; but expressed to his ment of Dewenter, and of two forts close sycophants his indignation that a nobleman to Zutphen, Sir William Stanley, and Rowof his rank should be controlled by shop- land York, betrayed their trust, gave up the keepers, and that common artificers should places, and went over to the Spaniards. Leipresume to meddle with affairs of state.*cester had the support of a faction; but his He obtained influence, at the same time, insolent and incapable tyranny, joined with over the populace through the Calvinist the treachery of those two persons whom ministers, by a great show of piety in his he had appointed against the advice of the language and demeanor, and by the removal states, excited a general sentiment of disof Roman Catholics from all places of like and discontent, not only against him, emolument and trust. Having thus sown but against the English nation and name. the seeds of discord, he left Zealand for The fortune of the Netherlands was again England, in the month of December, sig- in the balance, and all might have been lost, nalizing his departure by a breach of faith. if a casualty, of an afflicting nature, had not Upon the eve of sailing, he committed the interfered. The duke of Parma was disafunctions of government publicly to the bled from pursuing his operations by a council of state; but he was not long gone famine in the Walloon provinces, which dewhen it appeared, by a document privately populated towns and districts, and sent executed by him, that he reserved to him- famishing wolves and dogs forth to devour self all power over the governors of provinces and strong places.

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cattle, human creatures, and each other. Leicester's government having become inThe inauspicious military operations of tolerable, the states solicited his recall. Leicester in the Low Countries, were coun- They had already appointed prince Maurice, terbalanced by the naval successes of Sir son of the prince of Orange, and worthy Francis Drake. That gallant freebooter of his father, provincial stadtholder. had now obtained respect and renown cester was enraged, and the queen piqued throughout Europe. Philip II. found him- at their complaints: she sent over lord self unexpectedly attacked in the West Buckhurst to inquire into the matter. That Indies. Elizabeth had no sooner resolved nobleman inquired honestly, reported disadupon encountering the hostility of Philip vantageously of the favorite, and was orderby her alliance with the confederate states, ed by Elizabeth into confinement in his own than she sent out Drake, with twenty ships, house. Leicester, at the same time, procured and 2300 volunteers, to try his fortune in the recall of Sir John Norreys, against the the Spanish-American seas. He took in earnest prayer of the states; went over once succession, without resistance, St. Jago, St. more to relieve Sluys, in the month of June, Domingo, and Carthagena, and burned two 1587; failed in his attempts to throw suctowns on the Florida coast. No permanent cors into the place from the sea; landed at conquests were made by him; but the Ostend with 5000 men ; advanced to besiege wealth which he obtained by capture, or Blackenburgh; and, on the advance of the by ransom from the Spanish inhabitants, duke of Parma, fell back upon Ostend, stimulated avarice and adventure on his whence he retired into Zealand. It was on return, and gave a great impulse to Brit- this occasion that Sir Robert Carey visited ish colonization. The destitute state in him at Bergen-op-Zoom, in the hope of which he found the only British colony yet having some occasion to distinguish himself; planted did not damp this spirit. Sailing and seeing no opportunity, declared that “a by the coast of Virginia, he found the ad- brave war and poor spirit in a commander venturers who had gone out with Sir Wal- never agree well together." The inter Raleigh, or the survivors of them, in trigues, the inepitude, the cowardice even so wretched a state that he was prevailed of Leicester, which was freely spoken of in upon to give them a passage home. Lei- the Low Countries; his suspected designs cester had carried himself as if Elizabeth to seize some strong places, and to put to were absolute sovereign of the provinces, death the celebrated Barnevelt, and some and he her lieutenant, with unlimited pow

*Grot. Ann. lib. v.

† Ibid.

↑ Grot. Ann. lib. v.

§ Mem. of Robert Carey, Earl of Monmouth.

other patriots; above all, the fear of disob-|ports of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, liging the states, at a moment when Eng- the Low Countries, so far as these last were land was threatened by the Spanish armada, under his dominion, echoed with the labors induced Elizabeth to recall him at the lat- of artisans building ships, casting guns, or ter end of November. The young prince preparing ammunition, and with the conMaurice now occupied his father's place veyance of provisions and naval stores, in authority, and in the confidence of his whilst an army of invasion of 30,000 men country. -a large invading force in those days

A vague rumor had pervaded Europe for was collected under distinguished captains some time of vast naval preparations by the from the Peninsula, Italy, and Germany, to king of Spain for the invasion and conquest be placed under the duke of Parma as of England. Negotiations for peace were commander-in-chief. Sixtus V. revived the protracted at the village of Bourbourg, near bulls of excommunication of Pius V. and Gravelines, in the Netherlands, under the Gregory XIII. against Elizabeth, and offered mediation of the king of Denmark, without the sovereignty of England as the conthe hope or the intention of peace on either queror's prize. Several Catholic princes side. Elizabeth had, in the mean time, sent and nobles of the different states of Europe out Drake once more to interrupt the pre-flocked as volunteers to the standard of the parations, and attack the ships, of the king duke of Parma, some impelled by the enof Spain. He left England in April (1587) thusiasm of religion, others by that of miliwith four large ships, and twenty-six smaller tary glory. The Spaniards looked upon vessels, which the merchants of London had their conquest as already made. They replaced at his disposal, upon the condition called to memory the easy conquests of of sharing in his prizes. Lisbon was the England by the Saxons, the Danes, and the grand rendezvous of the armada. It seems, Normans;* saw between them and their not improbable that he sailed with the pur- triumph only the gaining of two battles, pose of striking at that heart of the enter-one at sea, the other on land; and, in the prise. But, having learned from a Dutch security of victory, denominated their arship which crossed him on his passage, that mament the "Invincible Armada." a richly-laden Spanish fleet was lying in The queen of England beheld the prethe bay of Cadiz, he steered his course parations, and heard the vauntings of the thither, found his information correct, and enemy with a resolution worthy of the ocattacked the enemy with equal intrepidity casion and her cause. Greatly inferior in and success. Six galleys which received material, she was as much superior to the his attack were driven by him under the Spaniards in moral force. The sacred senshelter of the forts. He destroyed by fire 100 timent of affection even to a country in vessels laden with ammunition and naval which they were oppressed, extinguished stores, and sank two galleons, one belonging the resentments or bigotry of the Catholics. to the admiral Santa Cruz, the other a ves- They joined the rest of their countrymen, sel of Ragusa, both richly laden with pro- heart and hand, against foreign domination; visions or merchandise. He next steered and Elizabeth had what some of her adto Cape St. Vincent, took the fortresses on visers called the temerity, but what was that promontory by capitulation, proceeded really the enlightened and courageous, if thence to the mouth of the Tagus, where not generous prudence, to confide in them. he challenged Santa Cruz and his squadron Every class of the people not only contribwithout bringing them to action, and sailed uted liberally to the queen's exchequer by for the Azores in expectation of a rich car-loans and free gifts, but sent out vessels rack from the East Indies, which became hired, manned, and armed, at their private his prize. The fruits of this expedition were charge. The main hope of the nation was of present and future importance. Philip's in the navy. Two fleets were equipped and preparations were disturbed, and his project ready for immediate service, the one at Plyof invasion put off to the following year; mouth, under the command of lord Howard additional time was thus obtained by Eliza- of Effingham, high admiral of England, with beth for defence; a fresh impulse was given Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher as his lieuto naval and mercantile enterprise; the tenants, destined to receive the shock of English sailors learned to behold without the armada; the other, under the command fear of disadvantage the towering bulk of of lord Seymour, son of the protector Somthe Spanish vessels; the produce and papers erset, stationed off Dunkirk, to intercept found on board the East India prize initiated the military part of the expedition under the English in the commerce of Asia. the duke of Parma. The military defence, Philip continued, unabated, on a vast scale in organized regular force, consisted in of materials and territory, the preparations 80,000 men. The principal army of 35,000 of an expedition the most gigantic which had yet been launched upon the sea. The

*Grot. Hist. lib. i.

foot and 2000 horse, under the command and disport, but being resolved, in the midst of lord Hunsdon, was destined to make and heat of the battle, to live or die amongst head against the enemy wherever he should you all, to lay down for my God, and for my present himself. To this army was com- kingdoms, and for my people, my honor, and mitted the safety and person of the queen. my blood, even in the dust. I know I have A force of 20,000 men was distributed the body but of a weak and feeble woman; along the southern coast, with orders to but I have the heart and stomach of a king, resist the enemy's landing, and, if unsuc- and of a king of England too; and think cessful, to fall back upon the neighboring foul scorn that Parma, or Spain, or any counties, laying waste the country as they prince of Europe, should dare to invade the retreated. An army of 22,000 foot and 1000 borders of my realm; to which, rather than horse was stationed at Tilbury for the de- any dishonor shall grow by me, I myself fence of the capital. The queen, now ad- will take up arms; I myself will be your vanced in years, but unworn by the agita- general, judge, and rewarder of every one tions of a long reign, displayed the chiv- of your virtues in the field. I know already alrous resolution of youth and manhood, and for your forwardness you have deserved reby displaying inspired it. She visited the wards and crowns, and we do assure you, troops, rode on horseback between the lines, on the word of a prince, they shall be duly and addressed to the army at Tilbury one paid you. In the mean time my lieutenof the most stirring specimens in existence ant-general shall be in my stead, than whom of the rhetoric of the camp. never prince commanded a more noble or "My loving people,-We have been worthy subject; not doubting but by your persuaded by some that are careful of our obedience to my general, by your concord safety, to take heed how we commit our- in the camp, and your valor in the field, selves to armed multitudes, for fear of we shall shortly have a famous victory over treachery; but I assure you I do not desire those enemies of my God, of my kingdoms, to live to distrust my faithful and loving and of my people."

people. Let tyrants fear; I have always

so behaved myself, that, under God, I have It is melancholy to reflect, that where placed my chiefest strength and safeguard there was so much strength, there should in the loyal hearts and good will of my sub-also have been so much weakness. The jects, and therefore I am come amongst you, lieutenant-general thus trusted and euloas you see at this time, not for my recreation gized was Leicester.

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Total of each class

1599

326

213

1564

Average.

.........

47

9

6

46

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26,552 3020 781 NOTE. This table has been considerably changed since the composition of the text. An explanation of the differences between it and that of Mr. E (Servile.) Moldarii, 195; Porcarii, 484; Piscatores, 619; Bovarii, 767; Turner would here cccupy too much space. Such of his estimates as seem Salinarii, 100: Bedellli, 21 (in Herefordshire); Fabri, 23 (Herefordshire); to depend upon a supposed proportion of persons to tenements have been Berguarii, 10 (Sussex); Barii (Herefordshire); Cerevisiarii, 40 (Cornwall); omitted. Nothing more than very general approximation can be expected Bilvatrii, 520; Wallenses, 105 (41 Hereford, 64 Shropshire). till Domesday Book be much more critically examined than it has hitherto

D (Semi-servile.) Coliberti, 665; Cotreti, 1611 (of these, 1386 in Wiltshire); Gallatores, 7 (in Somersetshire).

been.

2899

23,404

17,105

1607 102,704

74,823 5497

85

688

503

47

2200 161

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