Hopes of recovering the Continental Pos- sessions of the English Crown; Mea- sures to secure Popularity.
Miserable Condition of France under
Charles VI...
Alienation of the Duke of Burgundy 1434. from the English Party...
1451. And of the Gascon and Pyrenean Prov-
inces; Defeat and Death of Talbot at
the Battle of Chatillon; Close of the
second War of the Plantagenets to re-
establish themselves in France.....
Review of the political Changes and In- dications of the Age; the Decline, or Approach to mere Formality, of Con- stitutional Assemblies, threatened throughout the Continent; the Preva- lence of Despotism; but the silent Ad- vancement of Knowledge was at the same Time preparing the Way for dif ferent Results; Mariner's Compass; Columbus born in 1441; Approach of the Reformation; Printing.. 161, 162
(June) Rising of the Peasantry; Jack
Cade; he defeats the Royal Troops at
Seven Oaks; Cade enters London.. 167, 168
On receiving a general Pardon, his Ad-
herents disperse; but the Pardon is
afterwards disregarded by the Court,
and Cade and others are executed..... 168
Rising Popularity of Richard, Duke of York; Prospects of his peaceable Suc- cession cut off, by the Birth of Edward Prince of Wales....
Nature of the Claims of Richard to the Throne; the Admission of an heredita- ry Claim, after long Suspension, would lead to that very Disorder from which Monarchy is a Refuge..
His personal Merit had greater weight with the Nation than his hereditary Claim.. ib. Recognition by the Judges of the Privilege of Parliament with regard to the Per- sons of its Members... (March) The Parliament, after ascertain- ing by a Committee the Incapacity (bor- dering on Idiocy) of Henry, appointed Richard Protector, until the King's Re- covery, or the Prince's Majority..... (May) Battle of St. Alban's, in which Richard defeats the King's Party...... ib. (June) A Parliament; a general Pardon 171 1456. (February) The King resumes the Gov. ib.
Example of avowed Influence by the
Nobility over the Return of Members
for the Parliament of 1455..
1458. The Queen requires the Attendance of
the Yorkist Lords in London, to go
through the Ceremony of an ostenta-
tious Reconciliation with the Lancas-
trians...
Attempt by the Queen to inveigle the Ne- villes to a hunting Party, where she in- tended to destroy them; Salisbury re- tires to Yorkshire and Warwick to Calais, whence they plan a Junction with York; (23d of September) Salisbu- ry defeats a Detachment of the Queen's Army near Drayton; but on the 2d of October the combined Yorkists are de- feated by the Queen's forces near Lud- low; Richard takes refuge in Ireland; the Nevilles on the Continent..
At a Parliament held at Coventry, Rich-
ard and his Adherents are attainted of
Treason...
ject of Admiration, though, by a happy Beguilement and for wise Purposes, Nature often inspires us with an unde- served Tenderness for the Weak..... .... 174 1475. War with France terminated by the Trea- ty of Pecquigny; Margaret of Anjou liberated, on Payment of a Ransom by Louis; she survived seven Years in France; continued Misunderstandings between Edward and his Brother Clar- ence, are terminated by the private Execution of the latter in the Tower, by drowning (according to Tradition) in a Butt of Malmsey..
Striking Illustration of the State of the
Times, in the History of the Shepherd
Lord Clifford....
The Remainder of the Reign of Edward occupied by Preparations against France, chiefly with a View of extort- ing Pensions from Louis XI.............
(31st of December) Richard totally defeat-
ed by Margaret, at Wakefield Green;
Death of Richard; Execution of Salis-
bury, and others of his Adherents at
Pomfret.....
1461. (2d of February) Edward, Duke of York,
Son of Richard, defeats Pembroke and
Ormond, two of the Queen's Adherents,
at Mortimer's Cross, near Hereford.... 175
(17th of February) An Army of Yorkists, under Norfolk and Warwick, defeated by Margaret at St. Alban's; but the Queen, distrusting London and the South, retires Northward..... Edward enters London, and (4th of March) is greeted King by the Shouts of the Peo- ple, and the next Day proclaimed as Ed- ward IV.. Singular Inconsistency of this democrat- ical Recognition of his Title with its real Character, as founded on heredi- tary indefeasible Right; Ambition is often obliged to avail itself of the most effectual Instrument of the Moment, at the Expense of Consistency. . . . . . . . . . .
(12th of March) Edward commences a
Pursuit of his Enemies in the North;
(29th) Battle of Towton, in which the
Lancastrians are completely routed;
(22d of June) Edward crowned; (4th of
November) a Parliament, by confirming
the judicial and other Proceedings of
the Time of Henry IV., Henry V., and
Henry VI., "late in fact but not of right
Kings of England," it first introduces a
Distinction into English Law, pregnant
with the very Evils which Hereditary
Monarchy can only be justified by its
Tendency to prevent
Rising Importance of Commerce shown
by the Attention of Parliament to its
Regulation; false Views of the Sources
of commercial Prosperity, which early
obtained, and are not yet eradicated... 177
1464. Margaret returns from France to Scotland
with 500 French Troops, with which she
enters England, but is defeated at the
Battle of Hexham (17th of May).....
(25th of May) Henry captured; attainted
and imprisoned in the Tower; Marga-
ret and her Son escape into France, ac-
companied by Sir John Fortescue...
Edward's Passion for Elizabeth Wood-
ville; his clandestine Marriage with
her....
177, 178 1485. Richard attempts to gain Popularity by legal Reformations
1469. This Union displeases Warwick, who had received the alarming Title of The King Maker; his Character; he receives a Pension from Louis XI.; weds his daughter to Clarence, Edward's brother, without the Royal Consent.. Revolt in Yorkshire; supposed to have been fomented by Warwick. (August) Royal Declaration against War- wick and Clarence as Rebels.. Louis XI. espouses their Cause, and by his Mediation Margaret and Warwick are reconciled, and agree to unite their Forces against Edward, and to wed the young Prince Edward to Warwick's Daughter...
The Murder of the latter was, in all prob. ability, coolly planned between Henry and Ferdinand of Spain, the Claims of Clarence being deemed, by Ferdi- nand, an Objection to the Marriage of the Infanta with Prince Arthur.... ib.
Foreign Alliances, and Relations of Hen-
ry; State of the European Governments 198
1503. Peace with Scotland; Marriage of Mar- garet Tudor with James Treacherous Attempts, of which Henry had been guilty, against James...... His treacherous Extortion from Philip of the Surrender of De la Pole....
1501. (November) Marriage of Prince Arthur
1502. to the Infanta; (April) his Death;
(June) Treaty for the Marriage of
Prince Henry with his Brother's Widow 201
Laws of this Reign; Origin of the Star
Chamber
1496. Spirit of Maritime Discovery and Com-
merce; Voyage of Sebastian Cabot;
Treaty of "the Great Intercourse" be-
tween England and Burgundy; evident
Approach of those mighty Changes,
which were about "to raise the middle
Classes; to restore the Importance of
personal Property; to extend political
Knowledge; and, at length, to diffuse
Education so widely, as to alter the
Seat of Power".
Hoard amassed by Henry; Extortions of
Empson and Dudley..
(July and October) Conviction and Exe- cution of Dudley and Empson... Policy of Louis XII. of France; League of Cambray against Venice; general Review of European Affairs.... 207, 208 1511. Expedition against France; Debate in the English Council.
1512. Ferdinand delays to join Henry's Forces, who mutiny and compel their Leaders to return to England.
1513. (4th of August) Battle of the Spurs; De- feat of the French; Irruption of the Scots; (7th of September) Battle of Flodden Field; Death of James...... 210 Peace between Henry and Louis; Mar- riage of Louis with Mary Tudor.....
VOL. I.
Singular Passiveness of the Clergy, during the Revolution in Religion.
(6th of May) Four Commoners found
Excesses of Cromwell's Administration; Fate of Courtney, Marquis of Exeter,
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