shelly,-Exp. 1870; Labrador, 10 to 40 fathoms,-Packard ; Massachusetts Bay,-L. Agassiz, W. Stimpson.

On the European coasts there are species that have similar young, which have also received in several cases specific names. Among these C. grossularia Van Ben., C. limacina Forbes and Hanley, and the young of C. rustica as figured in the Zoologica Danica (Tab. xv), may be mentioned, but I am not aware of any European species corresponding to the adult state of this. C. rustica seems, from the figures, to be the nearest allied species, but has a contracted base, is more cylindrical or subglobular, the upper portion is more decidedly tuberculose, the apertures are farther apart and less prominent, the inner tunic is light red, yellowish below, and it is represented as attached to seaweeds by root-like processes from the base. The young are similar to those of C. carnea, but show no marginal expansion. The original rustica of Linné was an arctic species and perhaps identical with this. I adopt the name, carnea, in preference to the others, because it is more applicable, although when first given it was not accompanied by a recognizable description.

Cynthia echinata.

Ascidia echinata Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1087, 1767, (non Forbes and Hanley).* Ascidia echinata Fabr., Fauna Groenl., p. 331, 1780; Rathke, Zoologica Danica, iv, p. 10, Pl. cxxx, fig. i, 1806; Möller, Index Mollusc. Groen., in Kroyer's Nat. Tidsskrift, iv, p. 95.

Cynthia echinata Stimpson, Invert. of Grand Menan, p. 20, 1854; Binney, op. cit., p. 18, Pl. xxiii, fig. 326.

Body subglobular, attached by a small basal disk. Integument firm, opaque, more or less wrinkled, the interstices enclosed by the wrinkles raised and lighter colored, the whole surface covered with velvet-like, fine, soft fibers; with numerous scattered elevated tubercles, each bearing a stellate cluster of 6 to 9 radiating, yellowish bristles, or flexible spines. The tubes are wide apart, terminal, small, subequal, a little elevated, both with small square apertures.

The color of the body, when freed from the foreign matters which are entangled and held firmly by the spines and fibers, is usually deep salmon, often more or less tinged with pink or flesh-color, and sometimes of a delicate flesh-color throughout. The apertures are red, often bright red with a lighter red ring; the tubes frequently have eight alternate light and deep red longitudinal stripes, extending from the edge to the base of the

*Two or more species have apparently been confounded under the name of echinata, owing to the peculiar stellate bristles with which they are covered. The Ascidia echinata of Forbes and Hanley (Brit. Mollusca, i, p. 35, Pl. C, fig. 4), if correctly figured, is a true Ascidia, very different from the present species, but covered with similar, though more distant, stellate bristles. It may be called, with propriety, A. Forbesii. The species described by Linnæus came from Iceland and is probably the same as that here described.

tubes, or four light stripes extending from the angles of the apertures down their sides.

The largest specimens observed are rather more than an inch in diameter; the tubes about 10 of an inch high, and about the same in diameter at base; the apertures about 05.

Eastport and Grand Menan at low-water under stones; and in 10 to 120 fathoms, not uncommon, attached to other ascidians, dead shells,, stones, etc.,-Expeditions of 1859, '63, '64, '58, '60; Labrador.-Packard; Greenland,-Fabricius, Lütken; Norway, -Rathke; Iceland,-Linné; Grand Banks,-T. M. Coffin.

Cynthia pyriformis. Figure 10. "Sea Peach."

Ascidia pyriformis Rathke, Zoöl. Danica, iv, p. 41, Tab. clvi, figs. 1, 2; Möller, op. cit., Kroyer's Tidss., iv, p. 95, 1842. Cynthia pyriformis Stimpson, Invert. Grand Menan, p. 20, 1853; Packard, op. cit., p. 277; Binney, op. cit., p. 17, Pl. xxiii, figs. 320, 321, 1870.

10.

Form quite changeable, in expansion most frequently somewhat pear shaped or urn shaped, largest at or above the middle and somewhat smaller below; or subcylindrical and considerably elongated, with the top rounded; often in partial contraction subglobular, attached by a narrow base. When young the form is commonly nearly spherical, with a more or less narrowed basal attachment, and sometimes so constricted toward the base as to be slightly pedunculated. In large specimens there are usually more or less numerous, short, irregular, mostly lobed and divided rootlets, which originate close to the base. Tubes subcylindrical, large and prominent, terminal, near together at base, but divergent; the branchial one is largest and curves outward more or less abruptly; the anal is considerably smaller and swollen in the middle.

Whole surface of the test minutely roughened or velvety, like the skin of a peach; it is covered with very small rounded granules or verrucæ, each of which bears a short flexible

bristle or hair-like process; these, under the microscope, are found to give off minute sharp branches, directed forward, and irregularly placed; considerably larger bristles, of the same kind surround the apertures. In quite young specimens these bristles are larger and more conspicuous, being readily visible to the naked eye, and the apertures appear ciliated with the larger ones. Color generally yellowish white, more or less tinged on the upper part and one side with peach-red; frequently yellowish white throughout, or merely tinged with orange in certain parts, especially between the tubes. Not unfrequently the color is deep orange-red or peach-red over most of the surface, except the lower part of the sides, which are flesh-color or salmon-color, and

a band of light orange bordered with darker orange-red, which passes from each tube down the sides to the base; a similar band or spot generally exists between the bases of the tubes. The apertures are salmon-color inside, often surrounded by a delicate circle of red, or in the darker specimens with a pale orange circle.

The larger specimens from Eastport are often 3 inches high in expansion, and 1 to 1.25 in diameter; diameter of the branchial orifice 25; of anal 15 of an inch. From the Banks of New Foundland I have seen specimens 3 inches in diameter. Massachusetts Bay, A. E. Verrill; Eastport and Grand Manan, from near extreme low-water mark of spring tides, under and among stones, to 50 fathoms, shelly and stony, common,-Expeditions of 1859, '63, '64, '68, '70; Off Head Harbor, 80 to 120 fathoms, gravelly and shelly bottoms, common,Exp. 1870; Grand Menan,-Stimpson; Str. Belle Isle, Labrador, -Packard; Banks of New Foundland,-C. Foster, T. M. Coffin; Greenland,-Möller, Lütken; Norway,-Rathke, Sars.

Cynthia pulchella, sp. nov.

Test firm,

Body subglobular, attached by a small base. opaque, smoothish, covered with minute, flatish, slightly raised, scarcely granular elevations, visible with a lens. Tubes slightly raised, terminal, not very near together; apertures small, square, nearly equal.

Color, in alcohol, purplish or grayish white, the apertures deeper purple. The specimens were not observed while living, and were probably similar in color to C. pyriformis, with which they were mixed.

Diameter 12 to 15 of an inch, probably young.

Eastport 10 to 20 fathoms, shelly,-Exp. of 1870.

The absence of rounded verrucæ and bristles on the test will readily distinguish this species from the last, which it otherwise most resembles.

Ascidia complanala Fabr. Figure 11.

Ascidia complanata O. Fabricius, Fauna Groenlandica, p. 332, 1780; Gmelin, Syst.

Nat.

?Ascidia orbicularis Müller, Zool. Danica, ii, p. 53, Tab. 79, figs. 1, 2, 1788. Ascidia callosa Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 228. 1852; Invert. Grand Manan, p. 19, 1853; Binney, op. cit., p. 26, pl. xxiii, fig. 318, 1870. Test thick but translucent, oval or elliptical, depressed, adhering by the whole surface of the flattened left side; upper side slightly convex. In young specimens

less than an inch long, the form is usually quite regular and the surface smoothish, with slight irregular wrink les, more numerous around the tubes; in larger specimens the wrinkles become deeper, more numerous, and the surface correspondingly irregular and uneven,

11.

while the test becomes very thick and fleshy and covered with adhering worm tubes, bryozoa, hydroids, etc., and sometimes contains imbedded Modiolaria. The tubes are both on the upper surface, low, sulcated, well separated, slightly divergent. The branchial tube is largest and near one end, a little to one side of the middle, often curved slightly forward, the sides with eight strong sulcations, the intervening ridges rough and often verrucose in large specimens; aperture with seven or eight lobes; each of the angles with a minute orange-red eye-spot. Anal tube smaller, low, subcylindrical, situated farther to one side, and about a third of the length from the anterior end, externally with six ribs and sulcations; aperture six-lobed, each of the angles with a minute orange eye-spot.

Color of the younger specimens pale, translucent, greenish or yellowish gray, or light horn-color, the mantle and dark intestine distinctly visible through the test; large specimens are darker greenish or olive-color, generally becoming more or less rusty brown or russet. Mantle finely speckled with raised yellowish points.

Some of the larger specimens are 4 or 5 inches long and 3 broad; ordinary ones 2 to 3 inches long, by 1 to 1.50 broad, and about 50 high; height of tubes 15 to 25 of an inch; diameter 15 to 20.

Eastport, Me., and Grand Menan, at low-water mark under stones, in pools between tides, and at all depths to 120 fathoms, on stony bottoms, very abundant,-Expeditions of 1859, '61, '63, 64, 68, '70; Massachusetts Bay,-A. E. Verrill; Mt. Desert, Me., common,-A. E. Verrill; Labrador,-A. S. Packard ; Greenland, Fabricius, Möller; Grand Banks,-T. M. Coffin. The younger specimens of this species appear to correspond perfectly with A. complanata of Fabricius.

Ciona tenella Verrill. Figures 12, 13.

Ascidia tenella Stimpson. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 228, 1853; Inv. of Grand Manan, p. 20, 1853; Binney, op. cit., p. 24, 1870.

12.

Ascidia ocellata Ag., Proc. Amer. Assoc. for Adv. Sci., ii, p. 159, 1850 (description insufficient); Binney, op. cit., p. 24, pl. xxiv, fig. 332, 1870. Body elongated, attached by the base, soft, flaccid, varying much in shape in different states of expansion. Tubes subcylindrical, terminal, approximate, a little elongated, the anal smaller and usually divergent, in some states longer, but in other cases shorter than the branchial. Test thin, smooth, transparent; mantle with conspicuous white longitudinal lines and fine transverse ones, the intestine and branchial sac showing through distinctly. At the base the test is often prolonged into short, root-like processes for attachment. Branchial orifice with eight rounded lobes and eight light orange eye-spots; from the angles

between the eyes eight conspicuous white lines pass down the sides. Anal orifice with six small lobes and six conspicuous eye-spots, like those of the branchial orifice.

Color transparent whitish, with flake-white lines; mantle transparent, with whitish dendritic markings, not spotted, pale yellowish, deeper above.

13.

The larger specimens are 3 inches long and $75 in diameter, in expansion; more frequently the height is about 150, and the diameter about 35 of an inch. Eastport, and South Bay, Lubec, from low-water mark among stones, to 50 fathoms, stony and shelly bottoms, common,Exp. of 1863, '64, '68, '70; off Head Harbor, 100 to 120 fathoms, Exp. of 1868, 70; Grand Menan,-Stimpson, and Exp. of 1870; New Bedford, Mass.,-L. Agassiz.

This species is allied to C. intestinalis of Europe, and perhaps even more so to C. fascicularis Hancock, from Ireland.

ERRATA. In the last number of this Journal, page 54, line 5, for Molgula Manhattensis Dekay, read Ascidia Manhattensis Dekay.

ART. XVII-On Insects inhabiting Salt Water. No. 2. By A. S. PACKARD, Jr., M.D.

IN March, 1869, the writer published an article on this subject in the Proceedings of the Essex Institute, Salem, vol. vi, p. 41. Since then I have received an interesting collection of insects from Clear Lake, Lake Co., California, made by Prof. John Torrey, in 1865, and which he kindly placed in my hands for examination. Prof. A. E. Verrill has also allowed me to examine several puparia of Ephydra from Great Salt Lake, and during the past summer has dredged at the great depth of 20 fathoms at Eastport, Maine, a living Chironomus larva, undistinguishable from C. oc-anicus Pack., found by me in great abundance at low-water mark in Salem harbor; and also a species of marine mite.

With the hope of awakening an interest among biologists in the subject of brine-inhabiting insects, and of receiving farther collections, especially from the salt lakes and salt works of this country, the following notes are published.

COLLECTION FROM CLEAR LAKE.

In the collection made in Clear Lake by Prof. Torrey, besides the halophilous larvæ and pupa of Tanypus and Ephydra, were a number of bees, ichneumons, ants, and a species of Culex, the latter very abundant in the male sex, with several Muscids and Tipulæ; also a species of Chrysopa, and two species of