They are efficient aids, auxiliary forces in life's moral progress; they do not lead the way.

DIVISION II. PRINCIPLES: PSYCHIC AND MORAL.

12. THE NATURE OF MAN.-a. The nature of man is fourfold: physical,' intellectual, moral and religious, and volitional.

The physical consists of the corporeal organization; bones, flesh, blood, blood-vessels, vital organs, viscera, muscle, nerve, brain, with all the organs of sense-to-wit: sight, touch, taste, hearing and smelling that belong to the body, together with the sensibilities to pleasure and to pain that are peculiar to the action of the physical nature.

The intellectual nature consists of the faculties of the understanding and of the reason, including, as auxiliaries, memory, imagination, consciousness.

By the understanding faculties we are endowed with conceptions, to-wit: with the concept of quantity in space, or quantity as one or more, or all of similar things; with the concept of quality as real or as unreal, or as of varying degrees; with the concept of relation, as in the relation of things perceived (phenomena) to substance or some real existencereal, even though unknown; the relation of an effect to a cause; the relation of community, or of reciprocity, as in action and reaction.

The understanding in connection with the organs of sense perceives objects as they appear; for instance, a tree, a lake, a mountain; has power to

distinguish sounds, as of thunder, of music, of joy, of sorrow; to distinguish odors, as the fragrance of a rose; and so is it, as to the organs of taste and feeling.

By the reason, is meant that spirit power of pure thinking which is also called the pure reason-pure at least to a degree; but the reason of man has limits, is finite, and however pure cannot grasp all truth.

The reason verifies the perceptions of sense and the conceptions of the understanding; counsels in the province of the sensibilities and sentiments, moral and religious; and with the aid of the understanding devises means to accomplish ends; argues; infers; logically concludes; discovers the idea or type of being, or the elementary principle in any subject or object of thought; thus the great naturalist, Cuvier, having from a single bone reasoned out and discovered the idea, was able to construct the entire skeleton of the extinct animal to which the bone belonged. Reason also speculates in matters beyond the range of the understanding and so beyond the realm of certitude.

The moral and the religious, though distinct, are so closely allied that we here class them together. Their oneness and their difference have been considered in the introductory principles.

Through the moral sensibilities, in connection with the understanding and the reason, we perceive truth and falsehood, right and wrong, and just as we act in view of these moral perceptions we feel moral approbation or moral condemnation.

The Will: The intellect when in exercise de

pends on the will. It can accomplish nothing without attention, and an act of attention depends on volition. Will power is, then, evidently an essential factor in the constitution of the soul.

This fourfold division-physical, intellectual, moral-religious and volitional-regards the leading activities apparent in man:

(1) His animal life and the play of his muscular

powers,

(2) The thoughts that employ his mind,

(3) The feelings that exercise the sensibilities of the soul,

(4) The will power to do what duty demands.

b. But man in his very self, or in his essential nature, is a spirit inhabiting for a time a tenement of clay-the body; and this spirit while in the body, with its adjunct powers of the intellect and the moral feelings, is called the soul-is the soul -the soul as the seat of the susceptibilities, the affections, having the pre-eminence, and so being a name to include the entire man--a name given in the scripture history of man's creation, thus: "And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became a living soul." (Genesis 2:7.)

Scripture passages show a threefold division of man's nature into body, soul and spirit--the body being the seat of the animal nature; the soul, the seat of the nobler affections; and the spirit being the man immortal, whose sphere in this life is lim

ted by a certain subordination of the body and thr soul, and what the exact nature and extent of the ielation between spirit, soul and body will be is unknown; however, we read: "There is a natural body, and there is a spiritual body" (I Corinthians 18:44); and so we can infer that the spirit has a body adapted to its state of existence in the life to

come.

The apostle prays, "that the whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless." (I Thessalonians. 5:23.)

See note b. relative to Schlegel's view of the soul in the Philosophy of Life.

LAWS.-Moral

13. MORAL PHILOSOPHY; ITS philosophy is the study of the moral nature and its laws.

The moral nature is that state of the soul's existence bestowed upon it by the Creator, whereby we may know that we are doing right or wrong.

The first or primary law of the moral nature is, that we love and seek after the right, and hate and shun the wrong.

The second law is, that happiness and joy accompany obedience to the primary law; disquietude and anguish of soul accompany disobedience.

These two laws of the moral nature have the same certainty as other laws made and constituted by the Creator; as for instance, the law of gravity, when a stone tossed into the air falls back again to the ground; or the law of affinity in chemistry, whereby oxygen and hydrogen unite and become water.

In either realm-the mora. or the physical-the operation of law may be suspended by opposing forces, or by adverse environment, yet the tendency to action remains.

For instance, the fire in a stove that is tight may be smothered-combustion suspended-by closing the draught; but as soon as the air is again let in, active combustion goes on. So the immoral-the criminal-may long escape the full punishment of misdeeds; but it is sure to overtake him.

Men are convinced of the existence of the laws of matter by experience; so by experience are they convinced of the existence of moral law; for men experience in their own feelings the effects of obedience and of disobedience thereto.

Scripture shows this certainty of moral law: "Tribulation and anguish upon every soul of man that doeth evil; but glory, honor and power to every man that worketh good." (Romans 2:9,10.)

Natural law is in the natural tendency to a certain motion, arrangement, state or order in matter; as in the tendency of bodies to approach each other, or to fall together by force of gravity; or to unite by chemical attraction. And natural moral law is in a tendency to certain emotions and feelings in soul and spirit; as in the soul's natural emotion of love for the true, the right, the good; and of joy in the cognition and attainment of these; and of contra emotions, when the law of the moral nature is violated.

14. MORAL SCIENCE.-Moral science is an exhibit of the principles and the facts of moral law.