UNIVERSAL HISTORY,

FROM THE

CREATION OF THE WORLD

TO THE

DECEASE OF GEORGE III., 18 20

BY THE

HON. ALEXANDER FRASER TYTLER,

AND

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1839, by

HARPER & BROTHERS,

In the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New York.

CHAPTER XXII.

AGE OF LEO X.-State of the Arts under the Goths--Revival

in Italy-Cimabue-Academy for_Painting instituted at

Florence, 1350__Michael Angelo, Raphael, and Leonardo

da Vinci—The different Italian Schools-Flemish School

Dutch Statuary and Architecture Art of Engraving. 9

CHAPTER XXIII.

SURVEY of the State of the principal Kingdoms of Asia in the

Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries : -Selim reduces

Egypt-Solyman takes Rhodes, subdues Hungary, Molda-

via, and Wallachi-Selim II. takes Cyprus--Barile of Le-

panto-Persians under Shah-Abbas-Government and Re-

ligion-Tartars, India, early particulars of_Aurungzebe
Bramins-Division of Castes

26

CHAPTER XXIV.

CHINA AND JAPAN:-Tartar Revolutions-Posterity of Gen-

gis Khan finally maintain possession of the Throne-Pre-
tensions to Antiquity considered

40

CHAPTER XXV.

M. Bailly's Theory of the Origin of the Sciences among the
Nations of Asia.

61

165

CHAPTER XXVI.

REIGN OF PHILIP II. OF SPAIN-REVOLUTION OF THE NETH-

ERLANDS, AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HOL-

LAND :--William of Nassau declared Stadtholder of the Uni-

ted Provinces--Philip acquires the Sovereigniy of Portugal

-Schemes against England-Defeat of the Armada-Death

and Character of Philip II.

74

CHAPTER XXVII.

STATE OF FRANCE IN THE END OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY :

-Religious Contentions Conspiracy of Amboise-Death
of Francis III.--Charles IX.-Massacre of St. Bartholo-

mew–Henry III.-Lcague of Peronne-Assassination of
Henry III.- Henry of Navarre abjures the Protestant Faith,
and is crowned in 1594_State of France Character of

Henry IV.-His Assassination in 1610 .

97

CHAPTER XXVIII.

ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND IN THE REIGNS OF ELIZABETH AND

MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS :-Personal Enmity of Elizabeth

and Mary--Reformation in Scotland-Regency of Mary of

Guise-John Knox-Intervention of England Confession

of Faith ratified by Parliament-Mary arrives in Scotland

-Artful measures of Elizabeth in Scotland-Murder of

Rizzio-of Darnley-Forced Abdication of Mary--James

VI. proclaimed-Battle of Langsyde-Mary imprisoned in

England-Executed, 1587-Ambitious schemes of the Earl

of Essex-Death and character of Elizabeth

104

CHAPTER XXIX.

GREAT BRITAIN, in the Reigns of JAMES I. and CHARLES I.-

Accession of James VI. of Scotland to the throne of Eng-

land-Change of popular feeling on the rights of the sub-

ject-Gunpowder Plot-His unworthy favourites-Pacific

reign-Death-Charles I.-Differences with his first Par-

liament - Petition of Rights Religious innovations at-

tempted in England and Scotland augment the discontents
- The National Covenant-Proceedings of Charles's last

Parliament--Impeachment and Execution of Strafford-
Bill passed declaring Parliament perpetual-Catholic Re-
ligion in Ireland made a pretext for the Parliament levying

an Army- Bench of Bishops impeached and imprisoned

King impeaches five members of the House of Commons

-Civil War-Solemn league and covenant-Scots co-

operate with Parliament-Cromwell--Battle of Naseby-
Cromwell turns the Army against the Parliament–Trial

and Execution of Charles-Reflections

125

CHAPTER XXX.

COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND, REIGNS OF CHARLES II. AND

JAMES II. :-Charles Il. acknowledged King in Scotland

and Ireland-Marquis of Montrose-Cromwell defeats the

Scots at Dunbar-Battle of Worcester-Navigation Act-

Cromwell dissolves the Parliament by violence, and puts

an end to the Republic-Barebones Parliament-Cromwell

named Lord Protector His successful Administration

Death-Richard his son resigns the Protectorate the

Rump Parliament-Disunion in the Council of Officers-

General Monk-Charles II. proclaimed-Profuse and vo-

luptuous Reign-War with Holland and France-Plague

and Fire of London-Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle--Alarms of

Popery-Titus Oates—Bill excluding the Duke of York

from the Crown-Habeas Corpus Act--Distinction of Whig

and Tory first used--Conspiracy of Russell, Sidney, and

Monmouth-Death of Charles-James II.-Monmouth be-

headed-Violent measures of James excite the disgust of all

Parties-William, Prince of Orange-James escapes to the

Continent-Crown settled on the Prince and Princess of

Orange-Declaration fixing the Constitution

148

CHAPTER XXXI.

ON THE CONSTITUTION OF ENGLAND :-Historical sketch of,

up to the Revolution—The Legislative Power-Constitution

of the House of Commons-House of Peers—The Execu.

tive Power-Powers of the Crown now limited-Habeas

Corpus Act—Trial by Jury-Liberty of the Press 174

CHAPTER XXXII.

HISTORY OF FRANCE UNDER Louis XIII., AND OF SPAIN AND

PORTUGAL UNDER Philip III. and IV.-Mary de Medicis

Regent Siege of Rochelle-Cardinal Richelieu-Death of

Louis XIlI. -Spain-Philip III.-Philip IV.-Degraded

state of Spain-Portugal throws off the Spanish yoke

Constitution of Portugal-Constitution of Spain 193

CHAPTER XXXIII.

GERMANY FROM THE ABDICATION OF CHARLES V. TO THE

Peace OF WESTPHALIA-Ferdinand I.-'Thirty years' War

-Ferdinand II.-Palatinate laid waste-Gustavus Adol-

phus Ferdinand III.-Peace of Westphalia

204