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5. The word, passion,1 means the state of receiving.

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The term, PASSION, is used to name a strong mood, feeling or desire for receiving or for possessing.

Thus, Love is the soul's intense desire. He that has a passion ate desire for strong drink must curb this passion.

6. The word, emotion," means moving out.

The term, EMOTION, is used to name a strong mood, feeling or desire for imparting or giving.

Thus, emotions of pity lead to deeds of charity. Moved by hatred or revenge, we do evil to others.

NOTE III The terms, Passion, Emotion, are frequently used the one for the other; thus, the passion, love, is sometimes called an Emotion, while the emotion, anger, is sometimes called a Passion.

EXERCISE I.

Let each student read, and then answer, one of the following questions. If a part only of a question be given, let the student supply the omitted part.

1. Have you ever been in an angry mood? Is it an agreeable or a disagreeable feeling? Did you feel like getting or giving? Is anger a passion or an emotion?

2. Were you ever in a happy mood? Was it a pleasant or a painful feeling? Is happiness caused by getting or by giving, or by both? 3. Do animals ever feel angry?

cross?

- peevish? How does an infant show its happiness?

unhappiness?

Elements.

7. The word, element,3 means a beginning, first part.

hungry? its

The term, ELEMENT, is the name for the parts of which any thing is made or composed.

Thus, the Elements of this book are chapters, paragraphs, periods, sentences, words, letters, lines, and points.

8. Elements are of three kinds; Ultimate, Immediate, and Intermediate.

4

9. The word, ultimate, means belonging to the most remote. ULTIMATE Elements are those which are first used, or with which the construction is commenced.

Thus, the Ultimate elements of this Book are points and lines.

1 PASSION. ion, the state of, condition of, office of; st, that which; pas= pat, receives.

2 EMOTION. tion, -:mo= mov, moves; e ex, out.

3 ELEMENT. ent, that which is; lem limn, line; e ex, from, out; as in Geometry, surfaces and solids are bounded by lines; while the elements of a line are a point and motion. (See Arith. Nos. I. and III)

4 ULTIMATE. ate, belonging to; m, most, very; ult, remote, first, or last. That is, the most remote, the very first, or the very last. See Dict., ultraist.

10. The word, immediate,' means that which is not between. IMMEDIATE Elements are those from which the structure is directly formed.

Thus, the Immediate elements of this Work are its Chapters.

11. The word, intermediate,2 means that which is between. INTERMEDIATE Elements are those which come between the UItimate and Immediate Elements, forming a medium between them.

Thus, the Intermediate elements of this Work are paragraphs, periods, sentences, words, and letters.

Idea, Notion, or Perception.

12. The word, idea,3 means that which is the same.

4

The word, notion, means something known or marked.

The word, perception,5 means something which has been taken or received.

The terms, IDEA, NOTION, and PERCEPTION, are names given to the ultimate elements of our knowledge. (See Chap. VI., Acquired Knowledge.)

Thus, "An idea is an image in the mind of something which is not in the mind; just as we see in a mirror the image of something which is not in the mirror."

Relation of Ideas.

13. The word, relation, means that which carries back.

The RELATION of ideas is what one idea has to do with another, as belonging to it.

Thus, when the two ideas, Jane, earthquake, are brought together, no idea arises that either has anything to do with the other; but, when the two ideas, little, Jane, come together, an idea is at once suggested that the idea named by the word, little, as the inferior, belongs to or is related to the idea named by the word, Jane, as the principal idea, and this suggested idea is the idea of relation between them.

1 IMMEDIATE. ate, belonging to; med(i), middle; im in, not. INTERMEDIATE. mediate, ter, three; in, among. That is, the middle one of three. So in our word, between; en, state of; twe two, two: beby, beside. 9 IDEA. ea, that which is; id, the same. That is, a mental image or picture. See Chap. VI., Ideas.

NOTION. ion, something, state or condition, office of; (o)t, that which; m, known, marked, existing. (See Arith., Notation.

5 PERCEPTION. ion. ;t, that which, one who; cep cap, taken; per, by, through. That is, something that has been taken by or through the receptive fac ulties.

See Chap. VI., Receptive Faculties.

6 RELATION. ation, ; l, carries; re, back.

So, when the ideas, Jane, walks, come together, an idea of a relation between them is suggested, which is, that the idea named by the word, Jane, is the cause (agent, actor, doer) to which the idea named by the word, walks, belongs or is related as the effect (action); and that the two ideas, Jane, walks, are alike important, or belong to the same rank or order of ideas. That is, neither is the inferior, and, of course, neither is the superior of the other.

14. The Relations of Ideas are classified according to their origin, order, and number.

15. According to their origin, Relations of Ideas are of three kinds; Natural, Incidental, and Artificial.

16. The word, natural,1 means belonging to birthright.

The NATURAL Relations of ideas are those which originate or grow up with the ideas themselves.

Thus, all ideas of the properties of bodies; as extension, form, divisibility, inertia, attraction, color, odor, flavor, etc., etc., have a natural relation to an idea of that which has extension, form, etc. (See Natural Philosophy, Properties of Bodies.)

Again, all ideas of effects have a natural relation to their causes. We can have no idea of an action or state of existence, except as belonging to that which acts or exists; no idea of the receiver of an action unless it belong to an idea of the action which it receives. (See Chap. VI., Cause and Effect.)

17. The word, incidental, means belonging to that which happens. The INCIDENTAL Relations of ideas are those which originate under certain circumstances, as belonging to others.

Thus, ideas of time, place, position, order, etc., sometimes originate as belonging to ideas of that which occurs at a certain time; hence, they have an incidental relation to that which happens.

18. The word, artificial,3 means something made by art.

The ARTIFICIAL Relations of ideas originate in the habit of using one idea as belonging to another.

Thus, between the ideas, day, book, an artificial relation is originated or caused by the habit of using them together in the compound word, day-book.

19. According to order or rank, Relations of Ideas are of two kinds; Subordinate and Co-ordinate.

1 NATURAL. al, belonging to; ur, office of, state of; (a)t, that which; n, one unit, whole, existence. That is, belonging to that which has been created or born. See Dictionary, Nativity, Nation; also, Arith. No. III., Arithmetical Quantities. 2 INCIDENTAL. al, ;ent, that which; cid cad cas, falls; in, upon,

among.

=

8 ARTIFICIAL. (i)al, -; fic-fae, made; art(i), by human skill. That is, something not created by God.

20. The word, subordinate,1 means of a lower order or rank.

A SUBORDINATE Relation is the relation of an idea of a lower, to an idea of a higher order.

Thus, little Jane, in which the idea named by the word, little, has a subordinate relation to the idea named by the word, Jane.

So, mountain top, mountain-top, mountain's top, top of the mountain, in which the idea named by the word, mountain, has a subordinate relation to the idea named by the word, top. Again, an idea may have a subordinate relation to a second, which has a subordinate relation to a third, etc. Thus, a most perfectly matured plan, in which the idea named by the word, most, has a subordinate relation to the idea named by the word, perfectly, which, in turn, has a subordinate relation to the idea named by the word, matured, and this, again, has a subordinate relation to the idea named by the word, plan.

21. The word, co-ordinate, means of the same order or rank.

A CO-ORDINATE Relation is the relation of one idea to another of the same order or rank.

Thus, Jane walks, in which the idea named by the word, walks, has a co-ordinate relation to the idea named by the word, Jane. Fannie studies her lessons, in which the idea named by the word, lessons, has a co-ordinate relation to the idea named by the word, studies, which has also a co-ordinate relation to the idea named by the word, Fannie.

22. According to the number of Relations, one idea may have a Single Relation to another, or it may have a Plurality of Relations to another.

23. The word, single,3 means without fold.

A SINGLE Relation is when an idea has but one relation to another.

Thus, some very small causes have produced very great effects, in which the idea named by some, has but a single subordinate relation to the idea named by causes; very, a single subordinate relation to great; great, a single subordinate relation to causes; have produced, a single co-ordinate relation to causes; effects, a single co-ordinate relation to have produced.

24. The word, plurality, means having two or more folds.

A PLURALITY of Relations exists when one idea has two or more relations to another.

Thus, Mary rides toward town,—to town,-near town,-through town, -about town, beyond town, etc., in which a plurality of relations is caused by the idea, town, belonging to the idea, rides.

SUBORDINATE. e, state of, condition of; (a)t, that which [has]; ordin, order, rank sub, under, lower, inferior.

2 CO-ORDINATE. ordinate, —; cocon, together, the same, alike.

9 SINGLE. e, something; gl=pl, fold; sin sine, without. See Dict., simple, double

4 PLURALITY. ity, a state, a condition; al, belonging to; ur, more, many; pl folds.

NOTE IV. For convenience, our knowledge of the relations of ideas is sometimes called Idea of Relation.

Group of Ideas.

25. The word, group,1 means many grown together.

A GROUP OF IDEAS is two or more ideas of different orders, between which an idea of relation exists.

Thus, very deep blue colors, in the green field, are groups of ideas.

26. The Ideas forming a Group are divided into, the Principal, and its Subordinates or Secondaries.

27. The word, principal,2 means belonging to the first or chief. The PRINCIPAL Idea of a Group is its chief or most important idea.

Thus, in the group, very deep blue colors, the principal idea is named by the word, colors. In the group, standing on the tower, the principal idea is named by the word, standing.

28. The word, secondary,3 means belonging to that which is next. The SUBORDINATE or SECONDARY Ideas of a Group are those which are related to its principal idea.

Thus, in the group, very deep blue colors, standing on the tower, the secondary ideas are named by the words, very deep blue, on the tower.

NOTE V. Ideas are gained or learned by Observation, which, literally, means the condition of that which is kept before us. The mental operations, by which the relations of ideas and the connections of thoughts are discovered, are called Thinking, which, literally, means the action o one that creates, guides, arranges. (See Chap. VI.)

EXERCISE II.

1. Name an idea of something which you now see.

taste.

touch. Name a group of ideas

hear.

Does the

word, wind, name an idea or a group of ideas? Why? Does the word,

.? -

shoe, - ?

-, run,·

talk,
boy, name an idea or a group of ideas? Why?

other men,

?

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? Do the words, little Do the words, some

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1 GROUP. p, many, several; grou - grow, growing or created together. PRINCIPAL. al, belonging to; cip cap, taken; prin prim, first. That is, that which is taken first or is the most important. See Dict., Prime, Prince. SECONDARY. ary, state of, office of; (n)d, of that which is; sec -

favorable.

sequ, next,

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