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Actively. The officer knew them to be the men. Passively, real form. Them to be the men was known by the officer. Passively, apparent form. They were known to be the men by the officer.

11. They were requested by the invalid to give him some

water.

Actively. The invalid requested them to give him some water. True Passive. Them to give him some water, was requested by the invalid.

NOTE III. Since Person and Number are merely rhetorical attributes, and are attributed to a Verb when its subject noun is really in the Nominative Case, it follows, as a matter of course, that Person and Number are not to be attributed to a Verb whose subject noun is not in the Nominative Case. That is, Number and Person are not attributed to a Verb, whose subject noun is in the Objective, or in the Possessive Case.

12. He is said to have come into Italy.

The Verb, have come, is not limited by the person and number of its subject, which is personated by he, because this subject is apparently in the nominative, but really in the objective case.

13. Jane heard the birds [to] sing.

Comparative Parsing.

a. Heard is limited; because, it takes Person and Number.

b. Heard takes person and number; because, its subject noun, Jane, has the Nominative Case.

c. The subject noun, Jane, has the nominative case; because, it is the subject of an independent clause.

a. Sing (to sing) is unlimited; because, it takes neither Person nor Number.

b. Sing has neither person nor number; because, its subject noun, birds, has the Objective Case.

c. The subject noun, birds, has the objective case; because it is the subject of a clause dependent in form.

d. The subject of an indepen- d. The subject noun of a dependent clause is put in the nomina-dent clause is put in the objective tive case, to show that its clause is Case, to show that its clause is to hot to be taken with another, un- be taken with another, without a less joined by a connector, or by a connector, or a relative adjunct. relative adjunct.

14. The teacher urged the boys to study their lessons. The teacher urged them to study.

Parsing. Study is a regular transitive, simple Verb, from the Verb, -; its principal parts are; It has the active voice, and is not limited by Person and Number. Study does not have Person and Number, because its subject, boys, is in the objective case.

15. The rules required the people to be building houses.

Be building is not limited by Person and Number; because, its subject noun, people, is in the objective case.

16. For them to behave ill is discreditable to them. It is discreditable for them to behave ill.

17. I heard of him being in the city. I heard of his being in the city.

The Verb, being, is not limited by Person and Number; because, one of its subjects, personated by him, is in the objective case; and, because its other subject, personated by his, is in the possessive case. (See Nouns, Cases of Subjects.)

The MEANS of KNOWING the PERSON and NUMBER of Verbs.

206. The Person and Number of a Verb may be known in two ways;—

First. By a reference to its subject. The Person and Number of a Verb may always be known by a reference to its subject noun in the nominative case. In the English language, this is the only means, when the subject noun is in the first person of the singular, or is in any person of the plural number.

18. I love. We love. Ye or you love. They love.

In this example, the only means for finding the Number and Person of the Verb, love, is by a reference to its subject. By referring, we find; first, that each subject is in the nominative case, and hence that Number and Person must be attributed to its Verb. Second, by finding the Person and Number of the subject, we find what Person and Number are to be attributed to its Verb.

If, by reference, we find the subject in the possessive or in the objective case, we know that neither Person nor number is to be attributed to the Verb.

Second. By a suffix modification. In the English language, the second person of the singular number

may be known by one of the suffixes, est, st, or t, attached either to the principal Verb, or one of its auxiliaries; while, the third person of the singular number may generally be known by one of the suffixes, es or s, eth or th, attached either to the principal Verb or one of its auxiliaries.

19. Thou doest well. Thou dost do well. Thou didst well. Thou didst love thy neighbor. Thou art here. Thou art reading.

The Verb, doest, may be known to have the Third Person, and Singular Number by observing the modification of the Verb, do, caused by the suffix, est.

20. He does well. He does do well. He labors. He does labor.

The Verb, does, may be known to have the Third Person and Singular Number by its suffix, es.

NOTE I. The terminations, est, and st, in the Second Person Singular, and eth in the Third, are used in the Bible, and in solemn address. They are also used by the poets, and by the Friends or Quakers.

NOTE II. Many of these forms are contracted, sometimes with, and 'sometimes without the apostrophe; as,

Mayest is contracted into may'st, or mayst.

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NOTE III. Some are permanent contractions; as, canst, dost, didst, hast, hadst, wast, wert, doth, saith, hath, etc.

NOTE IV. In familiar discourse, the Friends commonly use the Third Person Singular, instead of the Second; except in the Present and Perfect Tenses.

MODES OF THE VERB.

LIT. DEF. The word, mode,' means shape, form.

207. MODE is a logical attribute, which the Verb derives from the narrator's mood (feeling, passion, emotion), in regard to the thought narrated.

1 MODE. e, belonging to; mod, shape, form, etc. (See modification.)

NOTE I. The student may perceive that this definition of Mode does not include the Potential. For the reason of this omission, see Potential Mode.

208. In the English language, the Verb has six Modes; called, the Infinitive, the Participial, the Indicative, the Imperative, the Potential, and the Subjunctive; of which the Indicative, the Imperative, and the Potential are used both in simple and compound sentences; while, the Infinitive, the Participial, and the Subjunctive are used in compound sentences only.

NOTE II. Those who prefer to use the Interrogative Mode can define it as a Mode used in asking questions, striking from the definition of the Indicative Mode, that part which describes it as being used in asking questions.

209. CLASSIFICATION of Modes. Modes, according to the limitation of the Verb by person and number, are divided into two kinds; the Unlimited or Infinite Modes, and the Limited or Finite Modes.

2

LIT. DEF. The words, unlimited,' infinite, mean not bounded, not fenced.

210. UNLIMITED or INFINITE Modes are those in which the serb is not limited by person and number. They are the Infinitive, and, in English, the Participial Modes.

NOTE I. In all languages, the Indicative, the Imperative, the Potential, and the Subjunctive are Limited or Finite; and the Infinitive is an Unlimited or Infinite Mode.

In the English, and a few other languages, the Participial is an Unlimited or Infinite Mode; while, in most languages, as in the Latin and the Greek, etc., the Participial is a Limited or Finite Mode, having the thetorical attributes, Gender, Person, Number, and Case.

1 UNLIMITED. (i)ted, condition of that which; limfin, limit, bound.
2 INFINITE. (i)te, belonging to that which: fin lim, ferce, bourd.

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Infinitive Mode.

211. The INFINITIVE Mode is attributed to a verb not limited by person and number, and is used in historic or declarative dependent clauses.

EXAMPLES.

1. He desired the boys to be quiet. He required the man to attend to the business.

Grammatical Analysis. Be is an irreg., intrans., simple Verb; from the Verb, to be; its prin. parts are; It has the act. voice, no person and number, infinitive Mode. It has the infinitive Mode, because it has neither person nor number and is used in a historic or declarative dependent clause.

Attend is a

Verb; from the Verb, -; its prin. parts are; It has the act. voice, unlimited by person and number, infinitive Mode. It has the infinitive Mode, because, etc.

2. He wished the students to be studying their lessons. He wished the lessons to be studied by the students.

by person and number.

Parsing. Be studying is a reg., trans., comp. Verb; from the Verb, its prin parts are; ; It has the act. voice, unlimited It has the logical attribute, infinitive Mode; because, it is without person and number, and is used in a historic or declarative sentence.

Be studied is in the passive voice, unlimited by person and number, and in the infinitive Mode; etc.

3. The girls ought to take exercise in the open air. Exercise ought to be taken in the open air by the girls.

Take is in the infinitive Mode; because, it is unlimited by person and number, and is used in a historic or declarative sentence. Take is without person and number, because its subject noun, girls, understood, is in the objective case. The subject noun, girls, is in the objective case, because it is the subject of a first object clause, joined to another by its form.

NOTE I. The student must bear in mind that the person and number of a Verb are rhetorical attributes, given to the Verb, when its subject noun is really in the nominative case; and, that they are not to be given to the Verb, when its subject noun is not in the nominative case; or, when the subject noun is in the objective, or in the possessive

case.

4. I may [tol go to town. You can [to] read very well. The work must [to] be done immediately.

5. Jane heard the birds [to] sing,

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