Comparative Parsing.

a. The Verb, heard, is limited a. The Verb sing, is not limited by person and number; because, by person and number; because, its subject noun, Jane, is in the its subject noun, birds, is in the nominative case. objective case.

b. Heard is in the Indicative Mode; because, it is limited by person and number, and is used in a historic or declarative sentence.

b. Sing is in the infinitive Mode; because, it is not limited by person and number, and is used in a historic or declarative sentence.

6. The horses were seen to run by the man. They were seen to run by the man.

Parsing. To run is Verb; act. voice, not limited by per. and num., infinitive Mode. It has the infinitive, because it is used in a historic clause, and is not limited. It is not limited, because, its subject, horses [them], is really in the objective case. Its subject, horses [them], is really in the objective; because, it is the subject of a dependent clause, connected by its form. Its subject, horses [them], is apparently in the nominative [horses, they], to show that the whole sentence is not joined to another sentence.

7. To do good is to be happy.

Parsing. Do is a Verb; because, it is a predicate of a vague or general subject, to which its relation is shown by the relator, to. It is an irregular, transitive, simple verb. Its attributes are active voice, infinitive Mode.

8. He urged the boys to be washed and to be dressed in good season.

Participial Mode.

LIT. DEF. The word, participial,' means that which shares or partakes.

212. In the English language, the PARTICIPIAL Mode is attributed to a verb, which is unlimited by person and number, and is used in periphrastic forms of compound verbs, in adjunct phrases, and in adjunct and second object clauses.

EXAMPLES.

1. Periphrastic Forms of the Verb. Is he doing the work? He is doing the work. Is the work done by him? The work is done by him.

1 PARTICIPIAL. ial cip cep, takes; part(i), share, portion, That is, belonging to that which partakes or shares with another.

Grammatical Analysis. Doing is an irreg., trans., simp. Verb; from the Verb, to do; its prin. parts are; -. It has the attributes, active without person and number, participial Mode. It has the logical attribute, participial Mode, because it seems to share with the Verh, is, in its subject noun, personated by he, which should be him.

The original of this seems to have been; Him doing the work is; hence, He is doing the work is similar to He is said to have come. Done has the passive voice, is not limited by person and number, participial Mode. It has the logical attribute, participial Mode, because it seems to share with the Verb, is, in its subject noun, work. The work done by him is.

2. Adjunct Phrase. The boy, being diligent, won the prize. The boy, through his being diligent, won the prize.

It

Being has the participial Mode; because, it is without person and number, and is used in an adjunct phrase of boy; hence, it seems tc participate or share in subject noun with the principal Verb, won. may be parsed as the affirmer of a second object clause, joined to the affirmer by the relator, through, or by. In each construction, the Mode is the same.

3. Adjunct Clause. I had no idea of his reading so well.

The Verb, reading, has the logical attribute, participial Mode; because, it is without person and number, and is used in an adjunct clause, its subject being personated by his.

4. We perceived a noble ship, buffeting the waves. We perceived a noble ship, which noble ship was buffeting the

waves.

5. We had heard of Henry's selling his farm.

Parsing. Selling is an irreg., trans., simp. Verb; from the Verb, to sell; its prin. parts are; ; active voice, without person and number, and in the participial Mode. It has the logical attribute, participial Mode, because it is without person and number, and is in a second object clause.

NOTE I. In many languages, the Participial Mode is a limited or finite Mode, when it has the rhetorical attributes, gender, number, case.

Limited or Finite Modes.

213. The LIMITED or FINITE Modes are those in which the verb is limited by person and number.

They are the Indicative, the Imperative, the Potential, and the Subjunctive Modes.

Indicative Mode.

LIT. DEF. The word, indicative,1 means like that which tells about [something].

214. The INDICATIVE Mode is attributed to a verb, which has person and number and is used in a historic or declarative, in an interrogative, in a responsive, or in an exclamative

sentence.

EXAMPLES.

1. Historic or Declarative. The evil, that men do, lives after them; the good is oft interred with their bones.

Grammatical Analysis. Do is an irreg., trans., simp. Verb; from the Verb, to do; its prin. parts are; Its attributes are act. voice, third, singular, indicative Mode. It has the logical attribute, indicative Mode, because it is limited by person and number, and is used in a historic or declarative sentence.

2. Interrogative. Where is that land where peddlers go? Parsing. Is is a - Verb; from -; its prin. parts are; It has the attributes, active, third, singular indicative Mode. It has the logical attribute, indicative Mode, because it takes person and number, and is used in an interrogative sentence.

Or, those who use an interrogative Mode, would give the attributes of the Verb, is; active, third, singular, interrogative Mode; etc.

3. Responsive.

know."

'Tis Echo answers, "Really, I do not

4. Exclamative. How strange it seems! All now is calm where late wild terror reigned!

NOTE I. The student must observe that we have two historic or declarative Modes, the Infinitive, and the Indicative; and, that the distinction between them is this; the Infinitive is an unlimited infinite historicor declarative Mode, while the Indicative is a limited or finite historic or declarative Mode,

Imperative Mode.

LIT. DEF. The word, imperative,2 means like that which orders. 215. The IMPERATIVE Mode is attributed to a verb used in commanding, entreating, permitting, etc.

1 INDICATIVE ative, -; dio, tells, points, speaks; in, concerning, about. IMPERATIVE, ative, -; per, over, above; im, in, and is used intensively. 13*

EXAMPLES.

1. Commanding. Throw down your arms, and disperse.

Parsing. Throw is a -Verb; from

; its prin. parts are; It has the imperative Mode; because, it is limited by person

and number, and is used in a command.

2. Entreating.

us thy favor.

3. Permitting.

4. Apologizing.

Give us this day our daily bread. Grant

Enter, my lords, and take your rest.
Excuse me, sir.

5. Exhorting. Awake, and let your songs resound.

Potential Mode.

LIT. DEF. The word, potential,' means belonging to power, ability. 216. The POTENTIAL Mode is formed by taking a verb in the Indicative, with a Verb in the Infinitive, both verbs having, logically, the same subject. The Indicative part is one of the verbs, MAY, CAN, MUST, COULD, WOULD, SHOULD, used to express the duty, liberty, ability, or necessity of the act named or expressed by an Infinitive part.

NOTE I. From the definition, it is easily perceived that the Potential Mode is merely a convenient name for certain conditions, under which, a Verb in the Indicative, and a Verb in the Infinitive, may be taken together. These conditions are; first, the subject of the two Verbs must be the same, logically; while, grammatically, one is in the Nominative, and the other is in the Objective case; second, the first Verb must be in the Indicative, the second in the Infinitive Mode; third, the first Verb must express duty, liberty, ability, or necessity in regard to the performance of a certain act by the subject, this act itself being named by the second Verb; fourth, that the relator of the Infinitive must be understood. We perceive also, that by parsing one part as a Verb in the Indicative, and the other as a Verb in the Infinitive, the term, Potential, would not be required. The Potential Mode is unphilosophical; because, it is based on an arbitrary distinction among Verbs, according to which, the number of Modes might be indefinitely increased. The Conjugation of the English Verb would be greatly simplified by rejecting this Mode,

I POTENTIAL (i)al, -;, something; en, being; pat-pos, ability, power.

EXAMPLES.

1. Liberty. May the boy study his lessons? The boy may study his lessons. The boy may [to] study his lessons.

Usual Parsing. May study is a reg., Verb, ; its prin. parts are;

number, potential Mode.

trans., comp. Verb; from the Its attributes are,

voice, It has the potential Mode,

persons, because it is an Indicative, may, used with an Infinitive, study, both Verbs having, logically, the same subject, boy, expressed with the Indicative, and understood with the Infinitive.

Better Mode of Parsing. May is a defective Verb, never used except as an auxiliary; its prin. parts are wanting. Its attributes are, active, third, singular, indicative Mode. It has the indicative Mode, because it is used, etc.

-; its prin. parts are;

It has the attributes, active, no person, no number, infinitive Mode. It has the infinitive Mode, because it is used in a clause dependent in form, which is interrogative, or, etc.

2. Might the boy study his lessons?

3. Ability. Can the boy study his lessons? The boy can [to] study his lessons.

4. Could the boy study his lessons? The boy could study his lessons.

5. Duty. Should the boy study his lessons? should study his lessons.

The boy

6. Necessity. Must the boy study his lessons? The boy must study his lessons.

7. Willingness. Would the girl read the lesson? The girl would read the lesson.

NOTE II. The auxiliary Verbs, may, can, must, might, could, would, should, are called the Sign of the Potential Mode, That is, the Indicative part is called the Sign of the Potential Mode.

NOTE III. There are many instances of an Indicative followed by an Infinitive, both having, logically, the same subject, which grammarians do not put in the Potential Mode, simply because the relator, to, is expressed; as, John intends to go to town; in which intends is parsed as a Verb in the Indicative Mode, go, as a Verb in the Infinitive, referring to its subject noun, John, understood, to which it is related by to. The amplified form of this example is; John intends John to go to town; John intends himself to go to town.