to

-ed,

or it is from the Verb, to -; its principal parts are

to

Third Prin. Part. Fourth Prin. Part

-ing,
-ing,

-ed.

first, the Positive Degree is the first or radical form

Adverbs.

299. The science of the Adverb includes; first, the Definitions; second, the Classifications; third, the Attributes, and the Means of knowing them; fourth, the Conjugation; and fifth, the Syntax of the Adverb.

300. First, the DEFINITIONS.

The word, adverb,1 means joined to a verb.

An ADVERB is a word,

a phrase, or a clause used, in a sentence, as an adjunct of a verb or of another adjunct, to which it is not related by of, or by an apostrophe.

NOTE I. Adverbs are generally formed by the contraction of a relator and a second object, sometimes with, and sometimes without, adjunct words.

EXAMPLES.

1. All orders thankfully received, and very promptly executed. All orders received in a thankful manner, and executed in a very prompt manner.

Parsing. Thankfully is an adverb; because, it is used as an adjunct of the verb, received.

Very is an adverb; because, it is used as an adjunct of the adverb, promptly.

Promptly is an adverb; because, etc.

Very is an adverb; because, it is an adjunct of the adjective, prompt.

Adjectives or Ad-
Their grammatical

NOTE II. In the rhetorical use of language, nouns, and Adverbs are described as adjuncts. distinction is that Adjectives are adjuncts of nouns, while, adverbs are adjuncts of words which are not nouns. In both cases, adjuncts related by of, or by an apostrophe, and the elements of a compound adjective, are excepted.

2. Now is the time for war; we'll talk of peace no more. 3. He was truly more energetic than his brother; but less thoughtfully inclined.

4. Raise her up tenderly, lift her with care, fashioned so slenderly, so young and so fair.

1 ADVERB. verb, —; ad- at, joined, near.

NOTE III. Adverbs, like pronouns, are not absolutely necessary parts of speech. They are, however, convenient and pleasing, because they both shorten an expression and render it euphonious.

5. Piously, tenderly, devotedly, the mother bent o'er the lowly couch of her only child.

The Classifications.

301. Second, the CLASSIFICATIONS.

Adverbs are

classified in two ways; according to the mood or feeling of the narrator; and, according to their signification.

302. First Classification. According to the mood or feeling of the narrator, Adverbs are divided into six kinds; namely, Interrogative, Responsive, Affirmative, Negative, Intensive, and Exclamative.

NOTE I. Instead of calling these Interrogative Adverbs, Responsive Adverbs, etc., they may be described as Adverbs used Interrogatively, Responsively, etc.

303. An INTERROGATIVE Adverb is one which is used in asking a question.

EXAMPLES.

1. How did he behave? When did he come? Where was the boy? Why are you here?

304. A RESPONSIVE Adverb is one which is used in answering a question.

2. He behaved well; properly, badly. He came yesterday; just now; to-day. The boy was here; there; yonder.

305. An AFFIRMATIVE Adverb is one which repeats or gives emphasis to an answer.

3. Have you come? Yes, I have come. Verily, he has gone. Is this all? Indeed, it is.

Has he gone?

306. A NEGATIVE Adverb is one used in contradicting

a question, or denying an assertion.

4. Have you been there? I have not been there.

No!

LIT. DEF. The word, intensive,' means like that which turns in. 307. An INTENSIVE Adverb is one which strengthens or adds force to its principal adverb.

5. He has neither too much nor too little, who has just enough.

Parsing. Too is an intensive Adverb, adjunct of much. Too is intensive, because it enlarges or adds to the meaning of its principal word, much.

308. An ExCLAMATIVE Adverb is one which is used to express feeling, passion, or emotion.

6. Merrily every bosom boundeth. Merrily, oh! Merrily, oh!

7. Now school is done, away we fly. Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah!

309. Second Classification. According to signification, Adverbs are divided into five kinds; Adverbs of Manner, Time, Order, Place, and Degree.

310. Adverbs of MANNER show how, or why an act occurs, or a property exists; and hence, include those, which express cause, doubt, mode, or quality.

EXAMPLES.

1. Interrogative. How did you find the book? By seeking carefully.

Parsing. How is an interrogative Adverb of manner; adjunct of did find.

Carefully is responsive Adverb of manner; adjunct of seeking.

2. Interrogative. Why sports the tender lamb? Because he fears no evil now.

3. Doubt. Perhaps the ship will come to-morrow. It may, possibly, be here now.

Substitute perchance, peradventure, haply, etc., for perhaps, or possibly, and then analyze them.

1 INTENSIVE. sive, -; ten, stretches, tends; in, within, inward.