3. The NARRATOR'S Rhetorical Use of thought language is synthetic, and may be considered in two parts; Constructive, and Ornamental Rhetoric.

LITERAL DEFINITION. The word, constructive,' means that which builds.

4. CONSTRUCTIVE Rhetoric is the science and art of expressing ideas and thoughts by the use of Words, Phrases, Sentences, and the Marks or Signs of Punctuation.

NOTE I. Ornamental Rhetoric includes those means by which the expression of a thought is made pleasing and attractive to the narratee, so that he may be led to seek for the thought itself. This part of Rhetoric is deferred to Chap. V., because, the student cannot fully understand it before he has become familiar with the Grammatical Use of Thought Language, as presented in Chap. IV.

5. The NARRATEE'S Rhetorical use of thought language is analytic, because he receives the expression as a whole and finds its essentials through its parts. The expression may be a Word, a Phrase, or a Sentence; and, when written, must also include the Signs or Marks of Punctuation.

Words.

LIT. DEF. Literally, word,' means something spoken or uttered.

6. A WORD is the expression or name of an idea.

NOTE I. We have given above the Rhetorical definition of Word. Grammatically considered, a Word is an expression consisting of one or more sounds, or one or more letters.

NOTE II. In every language, one word exists which may be used as the name of every idea that can be entertained by the human mind. In the English, it is the word, thing; in the Latin, it is the word, negotium; in the Greek, it is the word, xpaμa (chrama). Hence, the word, thing, becomes the universal common denominator of the English language, and is alike applicable to ideas of material and, also, of immaterial existences.

EXAMPLES.

1. Stone. Apple. Love. Watch. Pound.

1 CONSTRUCTIVE. ive, like, having the property of; t, that which; struc, has been put, fixed; con, together.

WORD. dt, that which, one who; wor➡ ver —ber or bar, speak, cry, bawl.

Analysis. Stone is a word, because it expresses or names an idea. What particular idea is expressed by it here, we do not know, because there is no circumstance which limits it. It may be the name of a primary idea; as, the stone lies on the ground; take up that stone and stone the cattle. It may be used as a secondary idea; as a stone wall; hit with a stone; a stone color; a stone hammer; rich in precious stones; a stone weight of meat.

NOTE III. When a word is used alone, it generally suggests several ideas; because, under different circumstances, it is used to name different ideas; if a word suggest but one idea, it will be that one with which it is most familiarly associated in the mind of the narratee.

Thus, to some, apple would mean a certain kind of fruit, because it has been so used by them; to others, dealers in trees, it would suggest an apple-tree only; to others, apple-sauce; or apple-dealer; or the apple of the eye; or the Adam's apple; or the apples of Sodom. To each it would suggest according to the manner, in which each most frequently or familiarly uses the word, apple.

7. NOMENCLATURE. The Names or Terms belonging to the Rhetorical Use of Words, are Ambiguous, Synonymous, Antithetical, Euphony, Definition, Nomenclature or Serminology, and Use or Office.

Ambiguous Words.

LIT. DEF. The word, ambiguous,' means acting double.

8. An AMBIGUOUS Word is a word which may be taken in two or more meanings at the same time.

"Dear Doctor," said one of Dr. Johnson's friends, "should n-e-i-t-h-e-r be pronounced naythur, or nithur ?" Neither," said the Doctor.

แ

Synonymous Words.

LIT. DEF. The word, synonymous,2 means names used together, alike. 9. SYNONYMOUS Words are two or more words having nearly the same meaning.

EXAMPLES.

1. Articulation and Enunciation refer to speaking correctly. Articulation relates to joining sounds which belong together; while, Enunciation relates to the proper utterance of sounds.

Thus, Ladie sand Gentlemen, for Ladies and Gentlemen; in which the s should be articulated with ladie, and not with and. Again, Ladies an Gentlemen; in which the d is not enunciated.

1 AMBIGUOUS. Ous-- ive, -; igu 2 SYNONYMOUS. ous; onym gether.

ag, acts, goes; ambi, two ways, double. nomen, word, name, term; syn sun, to

2. Build and Construct relate to putting together.

Build includes preparing and putting the parts together; while, Construct means putting together parts already prepared.

3. Classification and Division refer to separating a collec tion of objects into parts.

A Classification is always made according to the differences in some basis; while, a Division may be made with a basis and, also, without a basis. (See Chap. VI., Classification, Basis.)

4. Communication and Expression refer to telling.

A Communication is a narration in which two or more persons participate; while, an Expression is a narration by one person only.

5. Genius and Talent name higher Spirit powers.

Genius is the power to create and, also, the power to appreciate the creations of others; while, Talent is the power to appreciate and use what others have created.

6. Healthy and Wholesome refer to soundness, both of body and of mind.

Healthy refers to that which is sound, good in itself; while, wholesome refers to that which promotes healthfulness in another.

Thus, fruit is healthy, when sound, perfect; while, it is wholesome, when it contributes to the health of those using it.

7. Instruct, Educate, and Teach refer to aids in the acquisition of knowledge.

Instruct refers to the means by which one individual enables another to understand that which is to be learned, and how to study it; Educate refers to the training by which the learner reproduces that knowledge wherein he has been instructed; while, Teaching includes both instructing and educating.

8. Name, Term, and Word refer to the means by which ideas are made known.

Name is the spoken or written means by which any idea is made known; Term is a name used generally in Science, more restricted in its application than Name; while, a Word is a sound or written sign which has been, or may be used as a name or term.

NOTE I. The careful study of Synonymous words, enables the student to select the word best fitted for his purpose. More examples may be found in Chap. V. See, also, Dictionary; Crabbe's Synonymes, etc.

Antithetical Words.

LIT. DEF. The word, antithetical,1 means placed opposite, or opposed.

1 ANTITHETICAL. al, -;ic, state of, condition of; (e)t, one who, that which th, [has been] put, placed; anti, opposite, before.

10. ANTITHETICAL Words are words having opposite meanings.

As, light, dark; long, short; sweet, sour; true, false; joyful, sorrowful; definite, indefinite; finite, infinite; dependent, independent; limited, unlimited; decimal, non-decimal; similar, dissimilar; etc.

Euphony.

LIT. DEF. The word, euphony,' means pleasant sounding.

11. The term, EUPHONY, is applied to the science and art of arranging sounds so that they can be easily produced and uttered by the organs of speech, and thus be made pleasant to the ear.

Thus, the words, simple, single, are formed of sin and ple. If the sin remain unchanged, p becomes g, and we have single; but, if the ple remain unchanged, the n becomes m, and we have simple.

In these euphonic changes, certain letters are interchangeable; because, in speaking, they are produced by nearly the same organs of speech.

First; r, f, v, p, b, m.

Second; 1, 8, ch, j, t, d, n.

Third; q, k, g.

Definitions.

LIT. DIF. The word, definition, signifies the science of that which fences, includes.

12. The term, DEFINITION, is used to name the means by which the signification or meaning of a term or word is made

known.

13. Definitions are of three kinds; Natural or Objective, Literal or Nominal, and Real or Essential.

Natural or Objective Definitions.

LIT. DEF. The word, objective, means like or having the property of that which has been placed before [us].

14. The NATURAL or OBJECTIVE Definition of a word is the idea, notion or perception, which the word names or expresses.

EUPHONY. ye. science and art of; phon, sound; eu, pleasant, well. The word antithetical to euphony is ca-coph-o-ny; (0)ph(o)ny, ·; cac, disagreeable, unpleasant, bad.

2 DEFINITION. ion, science of, art of; (i)t, that which, one who; fin, fences, shuts; de, about, around. 3 OBJECTIVE. tive,

·; je", has been put, placed, cast; ob, before [us].

NOTE I. The wise Creator has arranged that the knowledge of a word shall be gained in the following order; first, a child gets an idea of an object; second, with this idea of an object, the child gets an idea of a sound by observing that others use this sound in connection with the object; third, the child's ideas of the sound and of the object br come so intimately associated that the sound recalls the idea as readily as the object itself could recall it. This sound has now become the child's name or term for that idea and, hence, has become a word. This word, the child, as a narrator, will use to express or name the idea; and, by this word, this idea will be awakened or called up in the mind of the child, as a narratee. Of course, if the child learn to use this word as the name of two, or more ideas, any one, or all of these ideas may be suggested or recalled by that word.

15. RULE FOR NATURAL DEFINITIONS. First, the learner must become familiar with the idea itself; and then, must receive and become familiar with the word naming that idea.

NOTE II. In giving Natural definitions, the following order of presentation should be observed;

I. Present the thing or object from which the idea, constituting the Natural definition, is to be learned, and keep this idea before the mind until it becomes familiar.

NOTE III. That, from which the idea is learned, may be a material object, or it may be an immaterial object. Many erroneously suppose that an Object Lesson must always be founded upon a material object, forgetting that the highest Object Lessons, as those pertaining to society, to intellection, to morality, to religion, and to piety are necessarily founded on immaterial objects. Undoubtedly, some have been led into this error by observing, that Object Lessons begin with material objects, commonly called things, and by not observing that Object Lessons as naturally begin with immaterial objects, and that these are called things also.

II. Pronounce, correctly, the word or term naming the idea, and cause the learner so to pronounce it.

NOTE IV. In pronouncing or speaking a word, attention should be given to two things; first, to the proper utterance or enunciation1 of each sound belonging to the word; and, second, to the proper joining of these sounds in syllables or the articulation of these sounds.

III. Cause the learner to spell the words by sounds or phonetically. IV. Cause the learner to write the word and to spell it by letters or literally.

NOTE V. It must be borne in mind that spelling by sounds or phonetic spelling is for the purpose of training the organs of voice and of

1 ENUNCIATION. (ia)tion, —; nunc―nounc, speaking, telling; e=ex, out. See Dict., pronounce, denounce, announce..

2 ARTICULATION. ation, ; (i)cul, small, little; art, joint, hinge.