speech in the proper production of sounds, and the organ of hearing in properly detecting and appreciating these sounds when so produced; and, that writing is for training the sense of sight in quickly and correctly appreciating a word from the letters used in writing it.

v. Cause the learner to construct phrases and sentences, each containing the word presented.

VI. Cause the learner to find other words resembling in whole, or in part the given word.

VII. Cause the word to be analyzed.

Literal or Nominal Definitions.

LIT. DEF. The word, literal,' means belonging to letters, or to sand. LIT. DEF. The word, nominal,2 means belonging to the name.

16. The LITERAL or NOMINAL Definition of a word is its meaning according to its elements.

NOTE I. Finding the Literal meanings of words is called the Analysis of words.

17. Literal or Nominal Definitions are of three kinds, which are called; Immediate, Intermediate, and Ultimate Analyses. (Ch. I., 9, 10, 11.)

Immediate Analysis of Words.

18. The IMMEDIATE Analysis of a word is the act of separating it into its immediate elements or parts, called; the ROOT, THEME or BASIS; the SUFFIX; and the PREFIX.

LIT. DEF. The word, root,3 means that which pierces, thrusts.

LIT. DEF. The word, theme, means something put or placed [as a foundation].

19. The ROOT, THEME or BASIS of a word is that part which is used as the foundation or base in the formation of the word.

NOTE I. The Root of a word is sometimes changed in form or modi fied for the sake of euphony between the sounds of the Root and those of its Prefix, or of its Suffix.

1 LITERAL. al,

; er, state of, office of; lit, sand, element, beginning. The root, lit gram; hence, Grammar, the elements of Language; gramm, grain. (See Arith., Metric Tables.)

2 NOMINAL. al,; nomin=nomen, word, name, term. ROOT. (o)t, ; ro= =rh, creeps, thrusts, flows, glides. THEME. e, state of; them, base, foundation.

Thus, the root, pl [fold], is changed to bl, when preceded by dou [two]; as, in the word, double [twofold]. Pi after sin [without], is changed to gl; hence, single [without fold].

Again, the root, tend [stretch, relation], followed by certain suffixes, is changed to tent, or to tens; as, tend, tentative, tension, tense, pretend, pretension or pretention, pretense, or pretence.

In these euphonic changes of Roots, b, f, and v are interchangeable; as, governor, gubernatorial; five, fifteen; sheaf, sheaves.

Frequently one vowel is changed for another; as, factory, refectory, fiction, fixt. (See Chap. IV., Derivation of Words.)

LIT. DEF. The word, prefix,' means put before [another].

20. The PREFIX is that part which is joined to the beginning of the Root.

Thus, by prefixing abs, at, con, de, ex, in, pro, re, sub, un, to the root, tract [draw], we have;

extract, draw out.

intract, draw in.

protract, draw forth.
retract, draw back.

subtract, draw under.

untract, not capable of being drawn. (See Chap. IV., Analysis of Words.)

NOTE II. For the sake of euphony, the Prefix is frequently changed; ad before lure becomes allure; adnotation, annotation; adpropriate, appropriate; sinple, simple; symlable, syllable. (See Chap. IV., Derivative Words, Prefixes.)

LIT. DEF. The word, suffix,2 means put or placed after [another].

21. A SUFFIX is that part which is joined to the end of the Root.

Thus, by suffixing ar, er, ir, or, ur, we add to the root the meaning, one, one who, that which, office of, condition of; as, consular, the office of a consul; doer, one who does; creator, one who creates; creature, condition of that which has been created.

NOTE III. Several excellent Text-Books on the Immediate Analysis of Words are now before the public, to which the student is referred, if he wish more instruction on the subject than is to be found in this Work, and in the large Dictionaries.

Intermediate Analysis of Words.

22. The INTERMEDIATE Analysis of a word is the act of separating a Root, a Prefix, or a Suffix into its immediate ele

ments.

PREFIX. fix-fict, that which has been put, placed; pre, before. 2 SUFFIX. fix, - :suf sub, after.

Thus, the immediate analysis of the word, addition, gives the suffix, ion, the action of; the root, dit, puts, joins; and the prefix, ad, together. The intermediate analysis of the word, addition, gives ad-d-(i)-t-ion; ion, ;t, that which, one who; i, euphonic; d, point, made into a point; ad,

By the immediate analysis, the word, subtraction, has for its suffix, ion; for its root, tract; for its prefix, sub. By the intermediate analysis, sub-trac-t-ion.

By its immediate analysis, the word, teacher, has the suffix, er, and the root, teach. By its intermediate analysis, its root, teach, is divided into, teach; its suffix being er; hence, we have, er, one who; ch, things; tea, points, joins, creates.

By its immediate analysis, the word, they, is a primitive or rooi word. By its intermediate analysis, they becomes, th-e-y; y, who; e, euphonic; th= the root, t, d,

Ultimate Analysis of Words.

23. The ULTIMATE Analysis of a word is that, in which the meaning of each letter and its use in the formation of a word is considered.

Thus, by the ultimate analysis of the word, addition, we have in the suffix, ion; n, being, existence, one, unit, whole; o, having, has; i, euphonic, used to alter the sound of the o; in the root, dit; d-i-t, in the prefix, ad; d= the roots, t, d, th,

; a, euphonic.

NOTE I. By a comparison of these analyses, we see that the Immediate analysis of a word corresponds to the analysis of a thought as to its immediate elements, which may be thoughts, groups of ideas, or ideas only, and may be all of these; while, the Intermediate analysis of a word corresponds to the analysis of the immediate elements of thought into their immediate elements; and, finally, that the Ultimate analysis of a word corresponds to the ultimate analysis of a thought, in which we find each idea entering into the thought.

NOTE II. In studying the analyses, students should begin with the Immediate analysis and, when this has been made somewhat familiar, commence the Intermediate analysis. Of the two, the Intermediate is the more simple and useful, although, at first, it does not appear to be so.

Some aid in the Intermediate analysis may be obtained by studying the words analyzed in the Author's Works on Language and Arithmetic, in which, the Intermediate analysis is generally used.

The Ultimate analysis of words may be learned by tracing each of several primitive or root words through its derivative words, and noting carefully the euphonic changes of each root, with its suffixes and prefixes; then, by comparing the euphonic changes of the different roots, the student will be enabled to reach some conclusion as to the original value of each letter in the primitive word. The Ultimate analysis of words, and the Intermediate also, is one of the very best

exercises of the Inventive Faculties, since it requires close observation, correct classification and generalization, in order to reach what is true of each of the given elements.

NOTE III. The Author cannot too highly commend this study of words or Philology to students, nor too strongly urge it upon them. Study each word that you speak, hear, or read, as to its birth, to its derivation, to its history, and to its use. Thus, you gain much knowledge and, also, that best of heaven's social gifts to man, the ability to communicate your thoughts to others.

NOTE IV. Generally, Literal definitions should be given by defining; first, the suffix; second, the root; third, the prefix. Then, compare the definition thus obtained with the idea, whether it be a simple idea, or an idea of a process, which is named by the word. Thus;

The word, unit, means that which is one. This is a good term, because that, which is taken as one in Counting or Numbering, is called the Unit

Real or Essential Definitions.

LIT. DEF. The word, real,1 means belonging to the use [of a thing]. LIT. DEF. The word, essential,2 means belonging to the being within. 24. The REAL or ESSENTIAL Definition of a word explains the meaning or use of that word as a name or term.

NOTE I. In this work, the expression, the word, -, means, signifies that the Literal or Nominal definition of the word is given; while, the expression, the name or term, means, signifies that the Real or Essential definition is given.

NOTE II. Since the same word may be used as the name for two or more ideas, it follows that the same word may have two or more Real or Essential definitions.

Thus, in common use, the term, number, is used to mean an indefinite number, more than can be easily known without counting. A lecturer, who was asked how many were at his last lecture, replied, "a number of persons." It was afterward ascertained that three persons were present.

Second, the term, number, as used in Grammar, relates to an idea of one and to an idea of more than one; as, ball, balls, man, men.

Third, the term, number, is used in Arithmetic; first, as the name of an expression showing how many, or which one; second, to name the act of finding which one is meant; as, first, second, third, etc.

The term, subject, is used in History as the name of one who is ruled or governed by another. In Architecture, as the foundation. In the construction of sentences, as the name of the foundation or basis. In narration, as the name of that concerning which the narrator would communicate to the narratee. (See Dict., republic.)

1 REAL. al, belonging to; re, thing matter, use. ESSENTIAL (i)al,

within.

; t,

sen, meaning, idea; es-en-in, inner.

25. Every Real or Essential Definition may be stated in two modes; of which, the first is called the Objective or Synthetic; the second, the Subjective or Analytic.

26. A Real or Essential Definition is OBJECTIVE or SYNTHETIC, when the definition precedes the term.

EXAMPLES.

1. Finding how many are meant is called Counting. 2. Finding which one is meant is called Numbering.

3. That, which is taken as one in Counting or in Numbering, is called the Unit.

4. A part of a Unit is a Fraction of that Unit.

5. An expression, showing how many, or which one is meant, is called a Number.

NOTE III. A Real definition, when stated Objectively or Synthetically, corresponds to the order in which we learn in the School of Nature; in which, we go from the idea to the word naming that idea; hence, it is the order in which all the definitions should be presented in a First or Primary Course. It is the order in which we gain knowledge.

LIT. DEF. The word, subjective,1 means that which has been put under. 27. A Real or Essential definition is SUBJECTIVE or ANALYTIC, when the term precedes the definition.

EXAMPLES.

1. Counting is finding how many are meant. 2. Numbering is finding which one is meant.

3. The Unit is that, which is taken as one in Counting or in Numbering.

4. A Fraction is a part of a Unit.

5. A Number is an expression showing how many or which one is meant.

NOTE IV. A Real definition, when stated Subjectively or Analyt ically, corresponds to the order in which our knowledge is arranged for use or the Scientific order. (See Preface of this Work; also, Chap. VI., Science.)

1 SUBJECTIVE. tive, ;jec, has been put, cast, or thrown: sub, under.