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Tiara, originally, a cap or high turban, worn by the Persian kings. The Pope's tiara is a high cap, surrounded by three crowns, rising one above another.

Tiber, a river of Italy, about one hundred and sixty miles in length, flowing into the Mediterranean. It is celebrated as the river on which stood the queen of cities, "eternal" Rome, but is a small and turbid stream.

Tomb of Christ, see Jerusalem.

Totila, a King of the Goths in Italy, from 541 to his death in 552. He twice took the city of Rome; and, after the second time, repaired some of the walls and edifices which he had destroyed at first. His valor is said, by the historians of the time, to have been tempered by humanity and justice.

Trachinia, a small country in the northeastern part of Greece, on the
Maliac Gulf, or Gulf of Zeiton.

Traverse, a work of fortification thrown up across a plain or street
Treves, a city of Prussia, on the Moselle, near France.
Tribunes, see Plebeian.

Tribunitian, of, or belonging to, the tribunes.

Tudela, a town of Spain, on the Ebro. At this place, a battle was fought, in November, 1808, between the Spaniards under Castaños, a distinguished general, and the French; the latter being victorious. Tunny, a large fish, abundant in the Mediterranean, and forming an extensive branch of commerce there.

Turcomans, a wandering race, whose tribes fill many of the districts of western Asia. They are Mohammedans. Tuscans, see Etruria.

Tyrol, a province of the Austrian empire, lying south of Bavaria and east of Switzerland. It is the most mountainous country in Europe.

United Provinces, the name given to the seven States of Holland, or the Netherlands, which threw off the yoke of Spain, and became independent.

Unterwalden, a canton of Switzerland.

Uri, a canton of Switzerland.

Valerius Antias, see Antias.

Valet de chambre, (French, a servant of the chamber,) a body servant; an immediate personal attendant.

Vandals, a tribe from the north of Germany, who made war upon the Romans, from the third to the sixth century. Italy was ravaged by them in the fifth century; Rome was plundered, and works of art despoiled with the most savage fury.

Vatican, a sumptuous palace in Rome, built by several successive popes, before 1600. It contains noble collections of works of art, and a large and valuable library. It is the residence of the Pope, in Winter and Spring; and the word Vatican is therefore sometimes used to signify the papal government.

Veii, see Camillus.

Venice, a city of Austrian Italy, at the northern extremity of the Adriatic sea. It is built upon a collection of small islands, seventytwo in number, and intersected with numerous canals, which supply

en.irely all the purposes of streets; boats (called gondolas) being used in place of carriages or wagons.

Vicar of Christ, see Pope.

Vienna, the capital city of Austria, containing about three hundred thousand inhabitants.

The Virgin, the title particularly applied to the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ.

Vizier, a title of honor with the Turks, belonging to all the highest pachas, (see Bashaw.) The six members of the council of state are also called viziers. The grand vizier is the prime minister and representative of the Sultan, and rules with absolute power in his

name.

Vogt, see Bailiff.

Walachia, a province tributary to Turkey, lying on the north bank of the Danube.

Walloons, the inhabitants of the district situated between the rivers Scheldt and Lys, included partly in Belgium and partly in France. The Walloons formerly furnished some of the most effective of the Spanish troops.

Wiclif, or Wicklif, (John,) was born in Yorkshire, England, about the year 1324. Being a bold thinker in religious matters, he took a prominent stand against the encroachments and corruptions of the Pope and Roman Catholic clergy, and endeavored to restore the apostolical simplicity and purity of the primitive Christian Church. He was a man of great learning, and an ardent Reformer. He disavowed the spiritual supremacy of the Pope, and considered the confession of sins to a priest, when sincerely repented of, as useless. Among his other numerous writings, he finished a translation of the Sacred Scriptures. He died of a paralytic attack, in 1384.

Wolsey, (Thomas,) Cardinal, an eminent minister of state under Henry the Eighth of England, was born in 1471. He was a favorite with that Monarch, and dignities and offices were profusely heaped upon him. His natural pride and ostentation caused him to display great state and magnificence, though he also manifested great munificence for the advancement of learning. He fell, however, under the displeasure of his master, was deposed from his dignities, and died at the age of sixty years.

Worms, an ancient city of Germany, near the Rhine, containing about six thousand inhabitants. It derives an historic interest from having been frequently the seat of the diet of the empire; and the townhouse is still to be seen, in which Luther appeared in 1521, as mentioned in this Volume.

Xenophon, a celebrated historian and general of Athens, who flourished about the year B. C. 400. He was a pupil of Socrates, and we are indebted to him for much light upon the philosophy of his

master.

Xerxes, King of Persia, famous for his unsuccessful attempt to conquer Greece, (see pages 9, &c.) He began to reign B. C. 485, and was assassinated in the twenty-first year of his reign.

Yare, ready, eager, brisk.

Yoke, (in ancient military affairs,) a frame formed of two upright spears and one placed across, under which vanquished enemies were made to pass, without arms, and also without their upper garments, as a token of submission.

Zug, a mountainous canton of Switzerland, with a capital town of the

same name.

Zurich, a city in the north part of Switzerland, capital of a canton of the same name, and situated at the northern extremity of the beautiful Lake of Zurich. It is remarkable for the magnificent mountain scenery of the interior and southern districts.

INDEX.

A.

Aarau, Avoyer of, killed, 96.
Aarberg, Peter of, 94.
Aarburg, Ulrich of, 93.

Aargau, 89. Avoyers of, 94.
Lords of, buried, 97.
Abou Ayub, 139.

Abrocomes, son of Darius, killed
at Thermopyla, 21.
Acarnania, 20.
Acca, see Laurentia.
Achæmenes, on movements against
Sparta, 25.

Achaia, Xerxes' march through,11.
Acheloum, surrender of, 113.
Achmet Basha, 188. Attacks by,
189,197,198. Unsuccessful, 198.
Takes command of the Turks,
206. Attempts the bastion of
Spain, 206. Begins his batter-
ies again, 213. Ruins the bas-
tion of Italy, 215. Tears an
old treaty to pieces, 227. Trea-
ty signed by, in the Sultan's
name, 228. Interview between
the Grand-master and, 228.
Achsen, 85.

Actium, Cleopatra's fleet at, 320,
note.

Aculeo, Caius Furius, 67.
Adam, Philip de Villiers de l'Isle,
Grand-master of the Knights of
Rhodes, 164. Preparations of,
for the siege of Rhodes, 164,
171, 183. Measure by, for
subsisting the people, 164-166.
Honors Martinengo, 169. Pro-
voked with the Italian Knights,
170; his reception of them, 171.
Applies for succors, 171, 215. ||
Reviews troops, 172. Personal

activity and supervision of, 173.
Palace of, 173. Distribution of
troops by, 175. Assigns to
Knights their employments, 175.
Defends St. Marie de la Vic-
toire, 175, 181. Mission by, to
Lycia, 177. Orders fasting and
prayer, before the siege, 179.
Piety of, 179. Reception of the
governor of Rhodes by, 180.
Discontinues sallies, 187. Re-
enforces St. Nicholas, 190. Pro-
vides for powder, 192. Bravery
of, at the bastion of England,
195, 201; of Italy, 196. Pre-
pares against a general assault,
200. Encouragements given by,
200. Bravery of, for the post
of Spain, 203, 207, 208, 217,
225, 226. Fills the post of
Martinengo, 207, 208. Influ-
ence of his example, 208. Not
succored, 214. Measures taken
by, 214. Demolishes churches,
215. Refuses to negotiate, 219,
222. Difficulty of, with Greeks,
220, 224. Advice to, by a
council, 221. Consents to ne-
gotiate 223. Old treaty sent
by, to Soliman, 226. Interview
between Achmet and, 228. Re-
ception of, by Soliman, 229.
Reply by, to offers, 229. Visit-
ed by Soliman, 230. Tries to
save Prince Amurath, 232.
Takes leave of the Sultan, 232.
See Achmet, Knights, Rhodes,
Soliman II., and Turks.
Adolphus of Nassau, 74.
Adrian, Emperor, mausoleum of,
243, note.

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