thing that belonged to him, before the war; and, though he had an immense quantity of gold and silver, none of it has been applied to the use of the public: all has been converted to private purposes. Now, was there not a larger quantity of gold and silver carried before the eyes of the public, in the triumph of Lucius Scipio, than in ten other triumphs taken together? Why need I speak of the extent of the kingdom of Antiochus, or mention his having been in possession of all Asia, and the adjoining parts of Europe? Every body knows, what a large portion of the surface of the earth that is, which stretches from Mount Taurus quite to the gean sea; what a number, not only of cities, but of nations, it comprehends; and that this tract, as far as the summit of the said mount, more than thirty days' journey in length, and ten in breadth, from one sea to the other, has been taken from Antiochus, who is, thereby, removed to the most distant corner of the world? Now, if peace had been granted him without any pecuniary consideration, could more have been taken from him? Macedonia was left to Philip, after he was conquered; Lacedæmon to Nabis; yet Quintius was never accused, on that account. The reason was, that he had not Africanus for a brother, whose high renown ought to have been serviceable to Lucius Scipio; but, instead of that, envy of his merit had done him injury. The sentence mentioned a quantity of gold and silver being conveyed to the house of Lucius Scipio, greater than could be raised from the sale of his whole property. Where, then, was all this royal treasure; where the value of so many estates received? Surely, in a house not exhausted by extravagance, this new accumulation of wealth ought to appear. But what cannot be levied out of his effects, the enemies of Lucius Scipio will exact from his person, and from his very flesh, by vexatious persecution and insult; by shutting up a man of his illustrious character in a prison, among thieves and robbers; forcing him to breathe his last in a dungeon and in darkness, and then throwing his naked corpse before the prison door. Such proceedings will reflect more disgrace on the city of Rome than they will on the Cornelian family."

In answer to this, the pretor Terentius read the Petilian order of the people, the decree of the Senate, and the judgement pronounced against Lucius Scipio; and declared, that, unless the money adjudged were paid into the public treasury, he had no other step to take, than to order the person convicted to be taken into custody, and carried to prison. The tribunes retired, to confer together, and, in a short time after, Caius Fannius, in behalf of himself and all his colleagues, except Gracchus, declared, that the tribunes would not interfere with the pretor, to hinder his making use of his power. Tiberius Gracchus pronounced his determination thus: "That he would not protest against the pretor's levying the sum adjudged, out of the effects of Lucius Scipio, but that Lucius Scipio, who had subdued the most powerful king in the world, had extended the empire of the Roman people to the utmost limits of the earth, had bound under obligations to the Roman people King Eumenes, the Rhodians, and so many other states of Asia, and had led in triumph so many generals of the enemies, should lie in prison, among the enemies of the Roman people, and in chains, he never would suffer; and, therefore, he ordered him to be discharged." This decision was heard with such approbation; so happy were the people at seeing Lucius Scipio at liberty; that it could hardly be supposed, that the sentence had been passed in the same community. The pretor then sent the questors to take possession of Lucius Scipio's property, for the use of the public. But, so far from any trace appearing, of money received from the king, the sale did not produce near as much as the sum in which he was fined. So large a contribution was made for Lucius Scipio by his relations, friends, and dependants, that, if he had accepted it, he would have been much richer, than before this misfortune; but he would receive nothing. Such things, as were necessary for his family occasions, were purchased for him, at the sale, by his nearest relations; and the public hatred, which had been pointed against the Scipios, reverted on the pretor, his accessors, and the accusers.

DELIVERY OF THE FOUR SWISS FOREST DISTRICTS, (WALDSTALLE.)

TAKEN FROM TSCHUDI'S SWISS CHRONICLE.

AEGIDIUS TSCHUDI, (pronounced Chudi,) was born at Glarus, in Switzerland, in 1505, and of good family. He pursued a regular course of studies in his native country, and afterwards went to Paris. Protestants and Roman Catholics, among his countrymen, esteemed him alike, and intrusted him with important employments. He was chosen Landamman, or chief magistrate of Glarus, and died in 1572. His Swiss Chronicle is one of the most distinguished works of the kind. He collected, with unabated zeal, from all sources accessible to him, among which the archives of his country were the most important. His work was published only as far as the year 1470, although he had collected manuscripts for the history of one more century. The title of the work is 'Aegidii Tschudii Landamman of Glarus, Chronicon Helveticum; or, Accurate Description of the most Remarkable Events in the Holy Roman Empire, as well as, in particular, in the Honorable (Swiss) Confederacy, and neighboring Places. The whole collected from authentic Letters and Documents, &c., in the chief Archives of the Honorable Confederacy. Edited by R. Irelin.' Tschudi's Chronicle is written in the Swiss dialect of German.

Albert, the son of the German Emperor, Rudolph of Hapsburg, desired to erect a new dukedom in Helvetia, or Switzerland, which should depend upon his family, so that all the scattered domains appertaining to the family, between which the territory of the intended dukedom lay, should be more firmly united. When he had acquired the imperial crown, after the defeat of his opponent, Adolphus of Nassau, he proposed to the free inhabitants of the Swiss districts, Uri, Schwytz, and Unterwalden, to exchange their direct dependence on the Germanic empire, of which they were members, for the more powerful protection of the House of Austria, or Hapsburg. Contrary to the rights of these Swiss, Albert had appointed over them Austrian,

instead of imperial, officers. The Swiss complained, and asked for the appointment of imperial bailiffs, or landvogts. Albert did, indeed, appoint such, but in a manner greatly to harass the formerly contented mountaineers. In brief, the struggle was between Austrian power and Swiss independence. To this struggle, relates the following extract from Tschudi, Volume I., Book 4.

ANNO DOMINI, 1304, when the districts of Uri, Schwytz, and Unterwalden, were sorely oppressed, in that the, bailiffs of Lucern of Rotenburg, officers of the dukes of Austria, administered high justice with them, which now had lasted three years. The Swiss were afraid, that this beginning might end in Austrian dominion over them, as though they were subjects to Austria; especially, as some of the commissioners had dropped, when administering criminal justice, that they did so in the name of Austria, [that is, not as officers of the German empire.] The mentioned districts, therefore, saw necessary to send, once more, their earnest message to King Albert,* in order to request him to send them an imperial bailiff, who should administer justice in the name of the empire, according to ancient usage; and also respectfully to pray his royal dignity, that he would protect their imperial and regal liberties and ancient customs. They would not pray for their confirmation, since, on former occasions, it had always been in vain.

When this request was made, the King became angry, because he saw, that, neither by good words, kindness, nor intrigues, he had succeeded in making them subject to his sons, the princes of Austria, or in disuniting them. He said to the messengers, "Go home, since it must be so, and you will have it; we will give you imperial bailiffs in your countries. Ye shall obey their orders, in all things, as if ourselves; and, if ye shall not do it, we shall revenge it on your lives and goods, and ye shall, henceforth, have forfeited all your privileges.

*The head of the German empire was called King, until actually crowned as Emperor. When a successor was elected, while the Emperor was yet living, he was likewise called King.

Shortly thereupon, the King sent them two landvogts, (bailiffs,) in the name of the empire, and ordered them to reside in their country, which had never been the custom.

In the year 1305, the three lands, Uri, Schwytz, and Unterwalden, sent their respectful messages to King Albert, to complain of the severity and cruelty, with which his vogts, Gessler and Landenberg, treated them, and to beg his royal Highness graciously to abolish this ill-usage, and to protect them in their liberties and customs. But the King would not hear them. Yet he allowed them to appear before his counsellors. To them, the messengers told the tyranny of the landvogts, how they oppressed the country people, for trifling causes, and frequently without any cause, or honest, just evidence, against their privileges and liberties; how they imprisoned them in towers or stocks; fined them, also; sometimes, drove them out of the country; and, many times, suffered them to rot and perish in the prisons, &c.

The royal counsellors, after having consulted, gave answer: They (the three lands) should consider, that they, themselves, had caused this severity, and had made the King ungracious, since they would not act like those of Lucern, Glarus, and others; and, if they should ever do the same, they would then, without fail, enjoy full favor from the King, and his sons, the dukes of Austria. They should now return, the King being burdened with much business; but, at a proper time, they, the counsel lors, would lay their prayer before him.

With this, they were obliged to return, without any other answer; and, when they came home, it became worse than ever, the vogts beginning to be still more cruel.

In this year, (1306,) at the beginning of the fall of the leaf, the lord of Wolfenschiessen, King's bailiff in the castle of Rotzberg, in Unterwalden, below the Kernwald, rode toward Engelberg, into the convent there; and when, on the morrow, he left the convent, he found the wife of a godly countryman, called Cunrat of Baumgarten, who was of Atzelen, in a meadow, where she was at work; for Atzelen is situated below the wood, near the road from Stans to Engelberg, not far behind the village of